,,IPA ,BRL3
,AN ,UPDAT$ ,TACTILE ,REPRES5TA;N ( !
,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ALPHABET
,"P ,"O ( ,TWO
,OV]VIEW1 ,TABLES1 & ,SAMPLE ,TEXTS
,$IT$ BY ,ROB]T ,5GLEBRETSON1 ,PH4,D4
,TRANSCRIB$ 9 ,UNIFI$ ,5GLI% ,BRL
,PRODUC$ BY ,,CNIB
,= ! ,9T]NA;NAL ,C\NCIL ON ,5GLI% ,BRL
#BJJH
,9 #A ,VOLUME & #A ,TACTILE ,SUPPLE;T
,BRL PAGES T#A-T#H & #A-#AJH
,PR9T PAGES I-;X & #A-#EA
T#A ,,IPA ,BRL
T#B
,TABLE ( ,3T5TS
BRL PR9T
"33 "333
,TITLE ,PAGE """"""""""""""""" T#A
,3T5TS """"""""""""""""""""""" T#C
,SPECIAL ,SYMBOLS """""""""""" T#F
,TRANSCRIB]'S ,NOTES """"""""" T#G
,PR9T ,TITLE PAGE """""""""""" #A
,LI/ ( ,,ICEB ,MEMB] ,C.TRIES #B II
,PR9T ,3T5TS """"""""""""""""" #C III
,,,AC"KL$GE;TS BY ROB]T
5GLEBRETSON,' """""""""""" #E ;V
,,,=E^W BY FR$RIC ;K4 S*RO$],' #I VII
,,,A3LAIM = IPA BRL BY M>?A
PAMP]9,' """"""""""""""""" #AC IX
#A4 ,,9TRODUC;N """""""""""""" #AE #A
#B4 ,,,! SYMBOLS ( ! IPA,' """ #BC #E
#B4A4 ,,3SONANTS
"<,,PULMONIC"> """"""""" #BE #F
#B4B4 ,,,3SONANTS "<NON-
PULMONIC">,' """"""""""" #CF #AA
T#C ,TABLE ( ,3T5TS
#B4C4 ,,O!R ,,SYMBOLS """""" #CI #AC
#B4D4 ,,V[ELS """""""""""""" #DB #AE
#B4E4 ,,DIACRITICS """"""""" #DG #AG
#B4F4 ,,SUPRASEG;TALS """""" #EH #BC
#B4G4 ,,,T"OS @& ^W A35TS,' #FJ #BD
#B4H4 ,,,PHONETIC & PHONEMIC
5CLOSURES,' """""""""""" #FG #BG
#C4 ,,,NON-IPA SYMBOLS,' """"" #GJ #BI
#C4A4 ,,,COMMON PHONETIC
SYMBOLS & PUNCTUA;N,' "" #GA #BI
#C4B4 ,,TRANSCRIB]-,,DEF9$
,,SYMBOLS """""""""""""" #GG #CB
#C4C4 ,,,TEMPOR>Y CODE-SWIT*
9DICATORS,' """""""""""" #HJ #CC
#D4 ,,,MISCELLANE\S USAGE
NOTES,' """""""""""""""""" #HB #CE
,,REF];ES """""""""""""""""""" #HD #CF
,,,APP5DIX3 SAMPLE PASSAGES,' #HF #CG
,,,SAMPLE #A3 AM]ICAN 5GLI%
"<N>R[ TRANSCRIP;N">,' #HH #CH
,,,SAMPLE #B3 H;G K;G
CANTONESE,' """""""""""" #HI #CI
,,SAMPLE #C3 ,,CROATIAN """" #IJ #DJ
T#D ,TABLE ( ,3T5TS
,,SAMPLE #D3 ,,FR5* """""""" #IB #DA
,,SAMPLE #E3 ,,PORTUGUESE "" #IC #DB
,,TRANSCRIB]'S ,,9DEX,' """""" #IF #DE
T#E ,TABLE ( ,3T5TS
,,SPECIAL ,,SYMBOLS
,? LI/ IS 9 BRL ORD] & EA* SYMBOL IS
PREC$$ BY ! DOT LOCATOR4 .=
.=4 DECIMAL1 DOT1 P]IOD
.=@A AT
.=@& AMP]S&
.=@.< OP5+ TRANSCRIB]'S NOTE
.=@.> CLOS+ TRANSCRIB]'S NOTE
.=_? CROSSHAT*
.=_/ SLA%
.="< OP5+ P>5!SIS
.="6 PLUS SIGN
.="> CLOS+ P>5!SIS
.=.1 ITALIC ^W
.=.7 ITALIC PASSAGE
.=.' ITALIC T]M9ATOR
.=,' CAPITALS MODE T]M9ATOR
.=,- DA%
.=,, CAPITALIZ$ ^W
.=,,, CAPITALIZ$ PASSAGE
T#F ,SPECIAL ,SYMBOLS
,,TRANSCRIB]'S ,,NOTES
,? IS BRLD 9 ,UNIFI$ ,5GLI% ,BRL4 ,ALL
PAGES H AN 9=MA;N L9E ON L9E #BE : GIVES
! BRL PAGE NUMB] ON ! LEFT1 AN AID TO
NAVIGA;N "? ! VOLUME 9 ! C5TRE1 & ! PR9T
PAGE NUMB] ON ! "R4 ,! PAGES AT ! 2G9N+
( ! VOLUME >E CR1T$ BY ! TRANSCRIB] &
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FOLL[+ PAGES PROVIDE A COMPLETE
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! NEW PR9T PAGE4
,"S *ANGES H BE5 MADE TO BASIC LIT]>Y
BRL3
T#G ,TRANSCRIB]'S ,NOTES
.=4 2COMES DD
.=6 2COMES TO
.=96 2COMES 9TO
.=0 2COMES BY
.=# 2COMES BLE
.=- 2COMES COM
.=,N 2COMES A;N
.=,Y 2COMES ALLY
T#H ,TRANSCRIB]'S ,NOTES
----------------------------------------
,,IPA ,BRL3
,AN ,UPDAT$ ,TACTILE ,REPRES5TA;N
( ! ,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ALPHABET
,"P ,"O ( ,TWO
,OV]VIEW1 ,TABLES1 & ,SAMPLE
,TEXTS
,$IT$ BY ,ROB]T ,5GLEBRETSON1
,PH4,D4
,PRODUC$ BY ,,CNIB
,= ! ,9T]NA;NAL ,C\NCIL ON
,5GLI% ,BRL
#BJJH
#A ,TITLE ,PAGE
--------------------------------------II
,LI/ ( ,,ICEB ,MEMB] ,C.TRIES
,Z ,( ,APRIL1 #BJJH
,AU/RALIA
,CANADA
,NEW ,Z1L&
,NIG]IA
,S\? ,AFRICA
,UNIT$ ,K+DOM
,UNIT$ ,/ATES
#B ,,ICEB MEMB] C.TRIES II
-------------------------------------III
,TABLE ( ,3T5TS
,PAGE
,,,AC"KL$GE;TS BY ROB]T
5GLEBRETSON,' """"""""""""""""""" ;V
,,,=E^W BY FR$RIC ;K4 S*RO$],' """"" VII
,,,A3LAIM = IPA BRL BY M>?A
PAMP]9,' """""""""""""""""""""""" IX
#A4 ,,9TRODUC;N """"""""""""""""""""" #A
#B4 ,,,! SYMBOLS ( ! IPA,' """""""""" #E
#B4A4 ,,3SONANTS "<,,PULMONIC"> """ #F
#B4B4 ,,,3SONANTS "<NON-
PULMONIC">,' """"""""""""""""" #AA
#B4C4 ,,O!R ,,SYMBOLS """""""""""" #AC
#B4D4 ,,V[ELS """""""""""""""""""" #AE
#B4E4 ,,DIACRITICS """"""""""""""" #AG
#B4F4 ,,SUPRASEG;TALS """""""""""" #BC
#B4G4 ,,,T"OS @& ^W A35TS,' """""" #BD
#B4H4 ,,,PHONETIC & PHONEMIC
5CLOSURES,' """""""""""""""""" #BG
#C ,TABLE ( ,3T5TS III
--------------------------------------IV
#C4 ,,,NON-IPA SYMBOLS,' """"""""""" #BI
#C4A4 ,,,COMMON PHONETIC SYMBOLS
& PUNCTUA;N,' """""""""""""""" #BI
#C4B4 ,,,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$
SYMBOLS,' """""""""""""""""""" #CB
#C4C4 ,,,TEMPOR>Y CODE-SWIT*
9DICATORS,' """""""""""""""""" #CC
#D4 ,,,MISCELLANE\S USAGE NOTES,' "" #CE
,,REF];ES """""""""""""""""""""""""" #CF
,,,APP5DIX3 SAMPLE PASSAGES,' """""" #CG
,,,SAMPLE #A3 AM]ICAN 5GLI%
"<N>R[ TRANSCRIP;N">,' """"""" #CH
,,,SAMPLE #B3 H;G K;G CANT"OSE,' #CI
,,SAMPLE #C3 ,,CROATIAN """""""""" #DJ
,,SAMPLE #D3 ,,FR5* """""""""""""" #DA
,,SAMPLE #E3 ,,PORTUGUESE """""""" #DB
,,TRANSCRIB]'S ,,9DEX """""""""""""" #DE
#D ,TABLE ( ,3T5TS IV
--------------------------------------;V
,AC"KL$GE;TS
,BY ,ROB]T ,5GLEBRETSON
,! COMPLE;N ( ? "W HAS B5EFIT$ F !
9PUT & ASSI/.E ( NUM]\S 9DIVIDUALS AT E
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,= 9ITIAT+ ? PROJECT1 & ESPECIALLY =
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,5GLI% ,BRL ,L+UI/ICS ,GR\P4
,I AM EXTREMELY GRATE;L TO ,W>R5
,FIGUEIR$O = OV]SEE+ ! =MATT+1 EMBOSS+1
& 4TRIBU;N ( ! PRELIM9>Y DRAFTS
CIRCULAT$ 9 #BJJE4 ,W>R5'S 9SI<T & H>D
"W KEPT ? PROJECT GO+ E>LY ON1 & ,I
TRULY APPRECIATE 8 ADVICE ON BRL MATT]S
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MANUSCRIPT4
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#E ,AC"KL$GE;TS ;V
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,C>LOS ,NA% "<,UNIV]S;Y ( ,CALI=NIA
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TRACK+ D[N A COPY ( ! ORIG9AL ,M]RICK &
,POTTH(F "<#AICD"> BRL ,,IPA PUBLICA;N1
--------------------------------------VI
& = L5D+ X TO ME1 Z ? VALUABLE RES\RCE
IS SADLY NO L;G] AVAILABLE F BRL L5D+
LIBR>IES 9 ,,ICEB MEMB] C.TRIES4
,= OV]SEE+ ! PREP>A;N ( ! F9AL
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WD AL L TO RECOGNIZE ,WAYNE ,S*AP] ( !
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,UNIV]S;Y ,PRESS4"> ,^! PASSAGES MAY N 2
FUR!R REPRODUC$ EXCEPT BY WRITT5 P]MIS.N
( ! COPY"R HOLD]1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]S;Y
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,F9ALLY1 ,I WI% TO AC"KL$GE ! HUGE
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& _! IMPORTANT 3TRIBU;NS M/ N"E 2
=GOTT54
#H ,AC"KL$GE;TS BVI
-------------------------------------VII
,=E^W
,BY ,FR$RIC ;,K4 ,S*RO$]1 ,PH,D4
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#I ,=E^W VII
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GRATE;L = 8 COMMIT;T TO ! PROJECT4
------------------------------------VIII
,? 5D1VOR 0 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,UNIFI$
,5GLI% ,BRL ,L+UI/ICS ,"W+ ,GR\P1 *AIR$
BY ,,ICEB ,SECRET>Y ,J1N ,OBI ( ,NIG]IA1
& SPECIAL ?ANKS M/ G TO ,J1N & H] ,GR\P
= _! P]SI/;E & D$ICA;N 9 SEE+ ? PROJECT
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_M TRIBUTES F L+UI/ICS T1*]S & /UD5TS
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#AA ,=E^W AVIII
#AB
--------------------------------------IX
,A3LAIM = ,,IPA ,BRL
,BY ,M>?A ,PAMP]91 ,*AIR
,,BANA "<,BRL ,AU?OR;Y ( ,NOR?
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-----------------------------------;X-#A
#A4 ,9TRODUC;N
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#AF ,9TRODUC;N A#A
--------------------------------------#B
HUMAN SPEE* PHYSIOLOGY & AC\/ICS1 OR DUE
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,,IPA1 9 #AIIG ! ,BRL ,AU?OR;Y ( ,NOR?
,AM]ICA "<,,BANA"> BROKE F ! ,M]RICK &
,POTTH(F SY/EM1 ADOPT+ A COMPLETELY NEW
BRL ,,IPA = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA
#AH ,9TRODUC;N A#B
"<SEE ,RULE #AH ( ,,BANA #AIIG1 Z CIT$ 9
! ,REF];ES SEC;N">4
--------------------------------------#C
,? L$ TO ! UN=TUNATE SITUA;N ": ! BRL
,,IPA 9 ,EUROPE1 Z WELL Z 9 ! ,UNIT$
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! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA4 ,9 ADDI;N1 2C
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PR(ES.NAL CAPACITIES4 ,! CURR5T REVI.N
CORRECTS ALL ( ^! %ORTCOM+S1 UNIFIES !
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! (FICIAL 9KPR9T ,,IPA REVIS$ TO #BJJE4
,Z ! ,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N
PUBLI%ES FUTURE UPDATES & REVI.NS TO !
,,IPA1 ! $ITOR ( ? BRL V].N 9T5DS TO
KEEP ,,IPA ,BRL UPDAT$ Z WELL4
#AI ,9TRODUC;N #C
,DUE TO ! ROBU/ NATURE & WIDE
9T]NA;NAL A3EPT.E ( ! ORIG9AL ,M]RICK &
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,,IPA ,BRL MA9TA9S ! SAME 3SONANT & V[EL
SYMBOLS :5"E POSSIBLE4 ,! SYMBOLS : H
BE5 ADD$ DUE TO 9KPR9T REVI.NS >E
DESIGN$ "H TO FOLL[ ! SAME BASIC
PR9CIPLES ( ! ORIG9AL ,M]RICK & ,POTTH(F
CODE4 ,! MO/ DRA/IC *ANGE HAS BE5 A
COMPLETE RE"W+ ( ! BRL REPRES5TA;NS (
DIACRITICS & MODIFI]S4 ,? 0 NECESSITAT$
F/ & =EMO/ 2C ( ! MAJOR *ANGES TO !
NATURE & USE ( 9KPR9T ,,IPA DIACRITICS
OV] ! YE>S4 ,SECONDLY1 ! REVIS$ BRL
DIACRITICS >E M SY/EMATIC & US]-FRLY1 &1
9 ORD] TO FACILITATE COMPUT] 5TRY &
AUTOMAT$ PR9T-TO-BRL =W>D- & BACK-
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,UNICODE COMB9+ DIACRITICS4
,9 ADDI;N TO LI/+ ! BRL EQUIVAL5T =
EA* ( ! SYMBOLS 9 ! CURR5T 9KPR9T ,,IPA1
! PRES5T VOLUME (F]S BRL R1D]S AN
A3ESSIBLE 9TRODUC;N TO /&>D TYPOGRAPHIC
& >TICULATORY PHONETIC T]M9OLOGY1 9 ORD]
#BJ ,9TRODUC;N A#C
TO FACILITATE CLE> COMMUNICA;N 2T BL &
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,UNICODE VALUES
--------------------------------------#D
>E GIV5 = EA* GLYPH1 :1 9 3JUNC;N ) A
,UNICODE-AW>E SCRE5 R1D] & KEYBO>D MAPP+
S(TW>E1 R1DILY 5ABLE BL 9DIVIDUALS TO
TYPE ,,IPA "*S ON A /&>D P]SONAL COMPUT]
)\T SI<T$ ASSI/.E1 & TO R1D ,,IPA US+
SPEE* OR REFRE%ABLE BRL4 ,FOLL[+ ! MA9
BODY ( ! VOLUME & ,REF];ES SEC;N IS AN
,APP5DIX ( FIVE SAMPLE PASSAGES
ILLU/RAT+ ,,IPA ,BRL 9 USE1 Z TRANSCRIB$
9TO BRL F EXAMPLES PRES5T$ 9 ! .7,H&BOOK
( ! ,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N.'4
,! VOLUME 3CLUDES ) AN 9DEX PROVID+ A
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#BA ,9TRODUC;N #D
DETAIL$ TACTILE ILLU/RA;NS ( EA* 9KPR9T
,,IPA GLYPH AL;G ) XS ,,IPA ,BRL
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,,IPA GLYPHS IS ESPECIALLY CRUCIAL = BL
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ORI5T$ CLASSROOMS4 ,! SUPPLE;T IS
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VOLUMES1 BAS$ ON _! SPECIFIC NE$S4 ,9
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BACKGR.D 9 PHONETICS W B5EFIT F !
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NE$ ^! DETAILS1 & W EASILY 2 ABLE TO
LE>N ,,IPA ,BRL F ! SUPPLE;T AL"O4 ,ALL
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MAKES ! SUPPLE;T AN ID1L QK REF];E LI/ (
SYMBOLS4
#BB ,9TRODUC;N A#D
--------------------------------------#E
#B4 ,! ,SYMBOLS ( ! ,,IPA
,! (FICIAL 9KPR9T ,,IPA *>T IS
AVAILABLE ONL9E F ! WEB SITE ( !
,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N
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IPA*>T4HTML & IS REPR9T$ 9 NUM]\S
TEXTBOOKS & REF];E "WS4 ,X IS DIVID$ 9TO
SEV5 SEC;NS3 ,3SONANTS "<,PULMONIC">1
,3SONANTS "<,NON-,PULMONIC">1 ,O!R
,SYMBOLS1 ,V[ELS1 ,DIACRITICS1
,SUPRASEG;TALS1 & ,T"OS @& ,^W ,A35TS4
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A3URATELY =MAT 9 BRL1 & OPAQUE TO US]S )
LL TO NO BACKGR.D 9 PHONETICS4 ,9/1D1 ?
PUBLICA;N MA9TA9S ! SEC;NS Z SPECIFI$ 9
! (FICIAL *>T1 B PRES5TS ! DATA ( EA*
SEC;N 9 A L9E>-TABLE =MAT4 ,? ME?OD
#BC ,SYMBOLS ( ,,IPA #E
5ABLES ! PRES5TA;N ( ALL ( ! DATA ON !
9KPR9T *>T 9 V]BAL R ?AN SPATIAL T]MS1 &
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DESCRIP;NS & ,UNICODE VALUES = EA*
SYMBOL,-F1TURES T >E N PRES5T 9 !
(FICIAL 9KPR9T *>T4 ,EA* TABLE 3TA9S !
9KPR9T ,,IPA GLYPH "<PR9T V].N ONLY,-
TACTILE DRAW+S ( ^! GLYPHS >E F.D 9 !
BRL ,SUPPLE;T VOLUME">1 ! ,,IPA BRL
SYMBOL1 ! DOT NUMB]S ( ! BRL SYMBOL1 !
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TYPOGRAPHIC DESCRIP;N ( ! 9KPR9T GLYPH1
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M1N+ OR >TICULATORY DESCRIP;N ( ! S.D
REPRES5T$ BY ! ,,IPA SYMBOL4 ,=
DIACRITICS & "S O!R MODIFI]S1 AN
ADDI;NAL FIELD 9 ! TABLE 5TRY %[S AN
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DIACRITIC 9 9KPR9T AL;G ) XS REPRES5TA;N
9 BRL4
,= M 9-DEP? BACKGR.D & EXPLANA;N (
PHONETICS ?AN IS POSSIBLE 9 ? BRIEF
VOLUME1 ! 9T]E/$ R1D] MAY 3SULT ANY
#BD ,SYMBOLS ( ,,IPA A#E
9TRODUCTORY PHONETICS TEXTBOOK1 S* Z
,LADEFOG$ "<#BJJE">4 ,^? 9T]E/$ 9
SPECIFIC USAGE DETAILS = ! ALPHABET %D
--------------------------------------#F
3SULT ! (FICIAL .7,H&BOOK ( ! ,9T]NA;NAL
,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N.' "<#AIII">4 ,!
TABLES 9 ,APP5DIX #B ( ! .1,H&BOOK H
S]V$ Z A MODEL = ! TABLES PRES5T$ 9 !
PRES5T PUBLICA;N ( ,,IPA ,BRL4 ,= A
COMPREH5SIVE1 DETAIL$ TR1T;T ( PHONETIC
SYMBOLS1 9CLUD+ OLD] GLYPHS & ADDI;NAL
SYMBOLS N F.D 9 ! (FICIAL ,,IPA1 SEE
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,REF];ES SEC;N = FULL CITA;NS ( ^!
S\RCES4
#B4A4 ,3SONANTS "<,PULMONIC">
,PULMONIC 3SONANTS >E SPEE* S.DS T USE
AIR FL[+ \ ( ! LUNGS "<A PULMONIC
EGRESSIVE AIR/R1M">1 : IS !N "PIALLY OR
FULLY BLOCK$ BY ! >TICULATORY ORGANS ( !
ORAL & NASAL CAVITIES4 ,PULMONIC
3SONANTS >E DESCRIB$ 9 T]MS ( ?REE
#BE #B4A ,3SONANTS #F
F1TURES3 VOICE,-:E!R ! VOCAL FOLDS ( !
L>YNX >E VIBRAT+ "<VOIC$"> OR N VIBRAT+
"<VOICE.S">2 PLACE ( >TICULA;N,-! PO9T 9
! VOCAL TRACT ": ! AIR/R1M IS BLOCK$2 &
MANN] ( >TICULA;N,-! DEGREE ( AIR/R1M
BLOCKAGE4 ,F ! FRONT ( ! M\? TO ! BACK1
! ELEV5 PLACES ( >TICULA;N T =M ! COLUMN
H1D+S 9 ! /&>D 9KPR9T ,,IPA 3SONANT *>T
>E Z FOLL[S3 ,BILABIAL "<BO? LIPS">1
,LABIOD5TAL "<! UPP] TEE? & L[] LIP">1
,D5TAL "<! TIP ( ! T;GUE & ! UPP]
TEE?">1 ,ALVEOL> "<! TIP OR BLADE ( !
T;GUE & ! ALVEOL> RIDGE">1 ,PO/ALVEOL>
"<! TIP OR BLADE ( ! T;GUE & ! REGION
IMMLY 2H ! ALVEOL> RIDGE">1 ,RETROFLEX
"<T;GUE-TIP CURL$ BACK">1 ,PALATAL "<!
BODY ( ! T;GUE & ! H>D PALATE">1 ,VEL>
"<! BACK ( ! T;GUE & ! VELUM">1 ,UVUL>
"<! BACK ( ! T;GUE & ! UVULA">1
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WALL">1 & ,GLOTTAL "<! VOCAL FOLDS 9 !
L>YNX">4 ,! EI<T MANN]S ( >TICULA;N =
PULMONIC 3SONANTS T COMPRISE ! R[S ( !
/&>D ,,IPA *>T >E Z FOLL[S3 ,PLOSIVE
#BF #B4A ,3SONANTS A#F
"<COMPLETE BLOCKAGE ( ! PULMONIC
AIRFL[">1 ,NASAL "<COMPLETE ORAL
BLOCKAGE ( ! AIRFL[1 B ) A L[]$ VELUM TO
ALL[ AIR TO ESCAPE "? ! NOSE">1 ,TRILL
"<A RAPID1 REP1T$ CLOSURE ( !
>TICULATORS">1 ,TAP OR ,FLAP "<A QK
CLOSURE & REL1SE ( ! >TICULATORS,-
ESS5TIALLY "O B1T ( A TRILL">1
--------------------------------------#G
,FRICATIVE "<>TICULATORS >E 9 CLOSE
APPROXIMA;N S Z TO PRODUCE A SU/A9$1
TURBUL5T AIRFL[">1 ,LAT]AL ,FRICATIVE
"<A FRICATIVE 9 : AIR ESCAPES F ! SIDES
( ! T;GUE">1 ,APPROXIMANT "<>TICULATORS
>E POSI;N$ CLOSE 5 TO MODULATE ! AIRFL[1
B N CLOSE 5 TO CAUSE TURBUL;E">1 &
,LAT]AL ,APPROXIMANT "<AN APPROXIMANT 9
: AIR ESCAPES F ! SIDES ( ! T;GUE">4
#BG #B4A ,3SONANTS #G
,TABLE #B4A3 ,PULMONIC ,3SONANTS
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC4 IPA_?,'
,,>TICULATORY ,,DESC4@.>
P "<#ABCD">2 ,U"6#JJGJ
L[]CASE ;P2 #AJA
VOICE.S BILABIAL PLOSIVE
B "<#AB">2 ,U"6#JJFB
L[]CASE ;B2 #AJB
VOIC$ BILABIAL PLOSIVE
T "<#BCDE">2 ,U"6#JJGD
L[]CASE ;T2 #AJC
VOICE.S ALVEOL> PLOSIVE
D "<#ADE">2 ,U"6#JJFD
L[]CASE ;D2 #AJD
VOIC$ ALVEOL> PLOSIVE
4T "<#BEF-#BCDE">2 ,U"6#JBHH
"R-TAIL ;T2 #AJE
VOICE.S RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
#BH ,TABLE #B4A A#G
4D "<#BEF-#ADE">2 ,U"6#JBEF
"R-TAIL ;D2 #AJF
VOIC$ RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
C "<#AD">2 ,U"6#JJFC
L[]CASE ;C2 #AJG
VOICE.S PALATAL PLOSIVE
9J "<#CE-#BDE">2 ,U"6#JBE,F
B>R$ DOT.S ;J2 #AJH
VOIC$ PALATAL PLOSIVE
K "<#AC">2 ,U"6#JJF,B
L[]CASE ;K2 #AJI
VOICE.S VEL> PLOSIVE
G "<#ABDE">2 ,U"6#JBFA
L[]CASE SCRIPT ;G2 #AAJ
VOIC$ VEL> PLOSIVE
G "<#ABDE">2 ,U"6#JJFG
L[]CASE ;G2 #BAJ
VOIC$ VEL> PLOSIVE "<ALT]NATE
GLYPH">
--------------------------------------#H
Q "<#ABCDE">2 ,U"6#JJGA
L[]CASE ;Q2 #AAA2
VOICE.S UVUL> PLOSIVE
#BI ,TABLE #B4A #H
9G "<#CE-#ABDE">2 ,U"6#JBFB
SMALL CAPITAL ;G2 #AAB
VOIC$ UVUL> PLOSIVE
2 "<#BC">2 ,U"6#JBID
GLOTTAL /OP2 #AAC
GLOTTAL PLOSIVE
M "<#ACD">2 ,U"6#JJF,D
L[]CASE ;M2 #AAD
VOIC$ BILABIAL NASAL
6M "<#BCE-#ACD">2 ,U"6#JBGA
LEFT-TAIL ;M "<AT "R">2 #AAE
VOIC$ LABIOD5TAL NASAL
N "<#ACDE">2 ,U"6#JJF,E
L[]CASE ;N2 #AAF
VOIC$ ALVEOL> NASAL
4N "<#BEF-#ACDE">2 ,U"6#JBGC
"R-TAIL ;N2 #AAG
VOIC$ RETROFLEX NASAL
= "<#ABCDEF">2 ,U"6#JBGB
LEFT-TAIL ;N "<AT LEFT">2 #AAH
VOIC$ PALATAL NASAL
$ "<#ABDF">2 ,U"6#JAD,B
5G2 #AAI
VOIC$ VEL> NASAL
#CJ ,TABLE #B4A A#H
9N "<#CE-#ACDE">2 ,U"6#JBGD
SMALL CAPITAL ;N2 #ABJ
VOIC$ UVUL> NASAL
9B "<#CE-#AB">2 ,U"6#JBII
SMALL CAPITAL ;B2 #ABA
VOIC$ BILABIAL TRILL
R "<#ABCE">2 ,U"6#JJGB
L[]CASE ;R2 #ABB
VOIC$ ALVEOL> TRILL
9R "<#CE-#ABCE">2 ,U"6#JBHJ
SMALL CAPITAL ;R2 #ABC
VOIC$ UVUL> TRILL
6V "<#BCE-#ABCF">2 ,U"6#B,C#GA OR
,U"6,F#BE,F
"R-HOOK ;V2 #AHD
LABIOD5TAL FLAP
6R "<#BCE-#ABCE">; ,U"6#JBG,E
FI%-HOOK ;R2 #ABD
VOIC$ ALVEOL> TAP
4R "<#BEF-#ABCE">2 ,U"6#JBG,D
"R-TAIL ;R2 #ABE
VOIC$ RETROFLEX FLAP
#CA ,TABLE #B4A B#H
--------------------------------------#I
.F "<#DF-#ABD">2 ,U"6#JBGH
PHI2 #ABF
VOICE.S BILABIAL FRICATIVE
.B "<#DF-#AB">2 ,U"6#JC,B#B
2TA2 #ABG
VOIC$ BILABIAL FRICATIVE
F "<#ABD">2 ,U"6#JJFF
L[]CASE ;F2 #ABH
VOICE.S LABIOD5TAL FRICATIVE
V "<#ABCF">2 ,U"6#JJGF
L[]CASE ;V2 #ABI
VOIC$ LABIOD5TAL FRICATIVE
.? "<#DF-#ADEF">2 ,U"6#JC,B#H
!TA2 #ACJ
VOICE.S D5TAL FRICATIVE
] "<#ABDEF">2 ,U"6#JJ,F#J
$H2 #ACA
VOIC$ D5TAL FRICATIVE
S "<#BCD">2 ,U"6#JJGC
L[]CASE ;S2 #ACB
VOICE.S ALVEOL> FRICATIVE
#CB ,TABLE #B4A #I
Z "<#ACEF">2 ,U"6#JJG,A
L[]CASE ;Z2 #ACC
VOIC$ ALVEOL> FRICATIVE
: "<#AEF">2 ,U"6#JBHC
E%2 #ACD
VOICE.S PO/ALVEOL> FRICATIVE
! "<#BCDF">2 ,U"6#JBIB
EZH2 #ACE
VOIC$ PO/ALVEOL> FRICATIVE
4S "<#BEF-#BCD">2 ,U"6#JBHB
"R-TAIL ;S "<AT LEFT">2 #ACF
VOICE.S RETROFLEX FRICATIVE
4Z "<#BEF-#ACEF">2 ,U"6#JBIJ
"R-TAIL ;Z2 #ACG
VOIC$ RETROFLEX FRICATIVE
6C "<#BCE-#AD">2 ,U"6#JJ,E#G
;C C$ILLA2 #ACH
VOICE.S PALATAL FRICATIVE
8J "<#BCF-#BDE">2 ,U"6#JBI,D
CURLY-TAIL ;J2 #ACI
VOIC$ PALATAL FRICATIVE
X "<#ACDF">2 ,U"6#JJGH
L[]CASE ;X2 #ADJ
VOICE.S VEL> FRICATIVE
#CC ,TABLE #B4A A#I
-------------------------------------#AJ
.G "<#DF-#ABDE">2 ,U"6#JBFC
GAMMA2 #ADA
VOIC$ VEL> FRICATIVE
.& "<#DF-#ABCDF">2 ,U"6#JC,C#G
*I2 #ADB
VOICE.S UVUL> FRICATIVE
9# "<#CE-#CDEF">2 ,U"6#JBHA
9V]T$ SMALL CAPITAL ;R2 #ADC
VOIC$ UVUL> FRICATIVE
6H "<#BCE-#ABE">2 ,U"6#JABG
B>R$ ;H2 #ADD
VOICE.S PH>YNG1L FRICATIVE
62 "<#BCE-#BC">2 ,U"6#JBIE
REV]S$ GLOTTAL /OP2 #ADE
VOIC$ PH>YNG1L FRICATIVE OR
APPROXIMANT
H "<#ABE">2 ,U"6#JJFH
L[]CASE ;H2 #ADF
VOICE.S GLOTTAL FRICATIVE
8H "<#BCF-#ABE">2 ,U"6#JBFF
HOOKTOP ;H2 #ADG
VOIC$ GLOTTAL FRICATIVE
#CD ,TABLE #B4A #AJ
8L "<#BCF-#ABC">2 ,U"6#JBF,C
BELT$ ;L2 #ADH
VOICE.S ALVEOL> LAT]AL FRICATIVE
L"! "<#ABC-#E-#BCDF">2 ,U"6#JBF,E
;L-EZH LIGATURE2 #ADI
VOIC$ ALVEOL> LAT]AL FRICATIVE
8V "<#BCF-#ABCF">2 ,U"6#JBH,B
SCRIPT ;V2 #AEJ
VOIC$ LABIOD5TAL APPROXIMANT
# "<#CDEF">2 ,U"6#JBGI
TURN$ ;R2 #AEA
VOIC$ ALVEOL> APPROXIMANT
4# "<#BEF-#CDEF">2 ,U"6#JBG,B
TURN$ ;R1 "R TAIL2 #AEB
VOIC$ RETROFLEX APPROXIMANT
J "<#BDE">2 ,U"6#JJF,A
L[]CASE ;J2 #AEC
VOIC$ PALATAL APPROXIMANT
-------------------------------------#AA
8M "<#BCF-#ACD">2 ,U"6#JBGJ
TURN$ ;M1 "R LEG2 #AED
VOIC$ VEL> APPROXIMANT
#CE ,TABLE #B4A #AA
L "<#ABC">2 ,U"6#JJF,C
L[]CASE ;L2 #AEE
VOIC$ ALVEOL> LAT]AL APPROXIMANT
4L "<#BEF-#ABC">2 ,U"6#JBF,D
"R-TAIL ;L2 #AEF
VOIC$ RETROFLEX LAT]AL APPROXIMANT
8Y "<#BCF-#ACDEF">2 ,U"6#JBH,E
TURN$ ;Y2 #AEG
VOIC$ PALATAL LAT]AL APPROXIMANT
9L #CE-#ABC">2 ,U"6#JBI,F
SMALL CAPITAL ;L2 #AEH
VOIC$ VEL> LAT]AL APPROXIMANT
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
#B4B4 ,3SONANTS "<,NON-,PULMONIC">
,NON-PULMONIC 3SONANTS >E SPEE* S.DS )
AN AIRFL[ ME*ANISM O!R ?AN ! LUNGS,-I4E4
!Y >E PRODUC$ BY US+ ! GLOTTIS OR VELUM
TO CR1TE DI6]5TIALS 9 AIR PRESSURE4 ,^!
9CLUDE IMPLOSIVES1 CLICKS1 & EJECTIVES4
,IMPLOSIVES & CLICKS EA* H _! [N SET (
GLYPHS1 CATEGORIZ$ BY PLACE ( >TICULA;N
Z ABV4 ,EJECTIVES D N H UNIQUE ,,IPA
#CF TAB4 #B4A1 #B4B 3SONANTS A#AA
GLYPHS ASSOCIAT$ ) !M1 B >E 9DICAT$ BY
PLAC+ ! APO/ROPHE DIACRITIC IMMLY AF !
HOMOLOG\S PULMONIC 3SONANT1 Z ILLU/RAT$
9 ! /&>D ,,IPA *>T & EXPLA9$ AF ! TABLE
( IMPLOSIVES & CLICKS 2L4
-------------------------------------#AB
,TABLE #B4B3 ,NON-,PULMONIC
,3SONANTS
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC42 IPA_?,'
,,>TICULATORY ,,DESC4@.>
8B "<#BCF-#AB">2 ,U"6#JBEC
HOOKTOP ;B2 #AFJ
VOIC$ BILABIAL IMPLOSIVE
8D "<#BCF-#ADE">2 ,U"6#JBEG
HOOKTOP ;D2 #AFB
VOIC$ D5TAL_/ALVEOL> IMPLOSIVE
89J "<#BCF-#CE-#BDE">2 ,U"6#JBHD
HOOKTOP B>R$ DOT.S ;J2 #AFD
VOIC$ PALATAL IMPLOSIVE
#CG ,TABLE #B4B #AB
8G "<#BCF-#ABDE">2 ,U"6#JBFJ
HOOKTOP ;G2 #AFF
VOIC$ VEL> IMPLOSIVE
89G "<#BCF-#CE-#ABDE">2 ,U"6#JBI,B
HOOKTOP SMALL CAPITAL ;G2 #AFH
VOIC$ UVUL> IMPLOSIVE
&P "<#ABCDF-#ABCD">2 ,U"6#JBIH
BULL'S EYE2 #AGF
BILABIAL CLICK
&? "<#ABCDF-#ADEF">2 ,U"6#JA,C#J
PIPE2 #AGG
D5TAL CLICK
&T "<#ABCDF-#BCDE">2 ,U"6#JA,C#C
EXCLAMA;N PO9T2 #AGH
"<PO/-">ALVEOL> CLICK
&: "<#ABCDF-#AEF">2 ,U"6#JA,C#B
D\BLE-B>R$ PIPE2 #AGI
PALATOALVEOL> CLICK
&L "<#ABCDF-#ABC">2 ,U"6#JA,C#A
D\BLE PIPE2 #AHJ
ALVEOL> LAT]AL CLICK
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
,J Z 9 ! 9KPR9T ,,IPA1 EJECTIVES 9
,,IPA ,BRL D N H UNIQUE GLYPHS1 B >E
#CH ,TABLE #B4B A#AB
NOTAT$ BY PLAC+ ! ,,IPA APO/ROPHE
DIACRITIC .="' "<DOTS #E-#C"> IMMLY AF !
HOMOLOG\S PULMONIC 3SONANT4 ,= EXAMPLE3
-------------------------------------#AC
P"' EJECTIVE BILABIAL PLOSIVE
T"' EJECTIVE D5TAL_/ALVEOL> PLOSIVE
K"' EJECTIVE VEL> PLOSIVE
S"' EJECTIVE ALVEOL> FRICATIVE
#B4C4 ,O!R ,SYMBOLS
,? SEC;N ( ! 9KPR9T ,,IPA *>T 3SI/S (
PULMONIC 3SONANTS : >E CO->TICULAT$ OR
PRODUC$ SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,X AL 9CLUDES !
EPIGLOTTAL 3SONANTS1 ^: PLACE (
>TICULA;N IS N G5]ALLY LI/$ ON !
PULMONIC 3SONANT *>T XF4
#CI #B4C4 ,O!R ,SYMBOLS #AC
,TABLE #B4C3 ,O!R ,PULMONIC
,3SONANTS
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC42 IPA_?,'
,,>TICULATORY ,,DESC4@.>
6W "<#BCE-#BDEF">2 ,U"6#JBH,D
TURN$ ;W2 #AFI
VOICE.S LABIAL-VEL> FRICATIVE
W "<#BDEF">2 ,U"6#JJGG
L[]CASE ;W2 #AGJ
VOIC$ LABIAL-VEL> APPROXIMANT
4H "<#BEF-#ABE">2 ,U"6#JBFE
TURN$ ;H2 #AGA
VOIC$ LABIAL-PALATAL APPROXIMANT
9H "<#CE-#ABE">2 ,U"6#JBI,C
SMALL CAPITAL ;H2 #AGB
VOICE.S EPIGLOTTAL FRICATIVE
82 "<#BCF-#BC">2 ,U"6#JB,A#A
B>R$ GLOTTAL /OP2 #AGC
EPIGLOTTAL PLOSIVE
#DJ A#AC
92 "<#CE-#BC">2 ,U"6#JB,A#B
B>R$ REV]S$ GLOTTAL /OP2 #AGD
VOIC$ EPIGLOTTAL FRICATIVE
-------------------------------------#AD
8$ "<#BCF-#ABDF">2 ,U"6#JBFG
HOOKTOP H5G2 #AGE
SIMULTANE\S VOICE.S PO/ALVEOL> &
VEL> FRICATIVE
8# "<#BCF-#CDEF">2 ,U"6#JBG,A
TURN$ L;G-LEG ;R2 #AHA
VOIC$ ALVEOL> LAT]AL FLAP
8C "<#BCF-#AD">2 ,U"6#JBEE
CURLY-TAIL ;C2 #AHB
VOICE.S ALVEOLOPALATAL FRICATIVE
8Z "<#BCF-#ACEF">2 ,U"6#JBIA
CURLY-TAIL ;Z2 #AHC
VOIC$ ALVEOLOPALATAL FRICATIVE
6L "<#BCE-#ABC">2 ,U"6#JBF,B
L[]CASE ;L ) TILDE2 #BJI
VEL>IZ$ VOIC$ ALVEOL> LAT]AL
APPROXIMANT
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
,9 ! PR9T ,,IPA1 A6RICATES & D\BLE
>TICULA;NS MAY "S"TS 2 REPRES5T$ Z TWO
#DA TABLE #B4C #AD
SYMBOLS 3NECT$ BY A LIGATURE OR TIE B>4
,:5 ? O3URS1 ,,IPA ,BRL USES .=" "<DOT
#E"> 2T ! GLYPHS 2+ JO9$4 ,? SYMBOL %D 2
US$ TO 9DICATE ANY ( ! 9KPR9T LIGATURES
OR TIES4 ,= EXAMPLE3
K"P
T"S
,! BRL REPRES5TA;N ( COMMON "<NON-
,,IPA"> SYMBOLS = A6RICATES & O!R S.DS N
%[N "H W 2 4CUSS$ 2L 9 ,SEC;N #C4A4
-------------------------------------#AE
#B4D4 ,V[ELS
,V[ELS >E SPEE* S.DS PRODUC$ BY
MODULAT+ ! AIRFL[ BAS$ ON ! %APE ( !
ORAL CAV;Y4 ,! ?REE >TICULATORY F1TURES
US$ 9 ! DESCRIP;N ( V[ELS >E3 HEI<T,-!
RELATIVE HEI<T ( ! T;GUE &_/OR OP5;S ( !
M\?2 ADV.E;T,-! RELATIVE POSI;N ( !
T;GUE T[>D ! FRONT OR ! BACK ( ! M\?2 &
LIP R.D+,-:E!R ! LIPS >E R.D$ OR UNR.D$4
#DB #B4D4 ,V[ELS #AE
,MOV+ F ! TOP TO ! BOTTOM ( ! M\?1 ! F\R
HEI<T POSI;NS T COMPRISE ! R[ H1D+S 9 !
/&>D 9KPR9T ,,IPA V[EL QUADRILAT]AL >E3
,CLOSE1 ,CLOSE-MID1 ,OP5-MID1 & ,OP54 ,!
?REE POSI;NS ( T;GUE ADV.E;T T MAKE UP !
COLUMN H1D+S 9 ! /&>D 9KPR9T ,,IPA V[EL
QUADRILAT]AL >E FRONT1 C5TRAL1 & BACK4
"<,"S PHONETIC TRADI;NS MAY CATEGORIZE
V[ELS BAS$ ON O!R F1TURES S* Z 8T5SE01
8LAX01 ETC4 ,! "OS GIV5 "H >E ! (FICIAL
T]MS US$ BY ! ,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC
,ASSOCIA;N4">
,TABLE #B4D3 ,V[ELS
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC42 IPA_?,'
,,>TICULATORY ,,DESC4@.>
I "<#BD">2 ,U"6#JJFI
L[]CASE I2 #CJA
CLOSE FRONT UNR.D$ V[EL
#DC ,TABLE #B4D A#AE
E "<#AE">2 ,U"6#JJFE
L[]CASE ;E2 #CJB
CLOSE-MID FRONT UNR.D$ V[EL
> "<#CDE">2 ,U"6#JBE,B
EPSILON2 #CJC
OP5-MID FRONT UNR.D$ V[EL
A "<#A">2 ,U"6#JJFA
L[]CASE A2 #CJD
OP5 FRONT UNR.D$ V[EL
* "<#AF">2 ,U"6#JBEA
SCRIPT A2 #CJE
OP5 BACK UNR.D$ V[EL
-------------------------------------#AF
< "<#ABF">2 ,U"6#JBED
OP5 O2 #CJF
OP5-MID BACK R.D$ V[EL
O "<#ACE">2 ,U"6#JJF,F
L[]CASE O2 #CJG
CLOSE-MID BACK R.D$ V[EL
U "<#ACF">2 ,U"6#JJGE
L[]CASE ;U2 #CJH
CLOSE BACK R.D$ V[EL
#DD ,TABLE #B4D #AF
Y "<#ACDEF">2 ,U"6#JJGI
L[]CASE ;Y2 #CJI
CLOSE FRONT R.D$ V[EL
\ "<#ABEF">2 ,U"6#JJ,F#H
SLA%$ O2 #CAJ
CLOSE-MID FRONT R.D$ V[EL
[ "<#BDF">2 ,U"6#JAEC
L[]CASE O-;E LIGATURE2 #CAA
OP5-MID FRONT R.D$ V[EL
9[ "<#CE-#BDF">2 ,U"6#JBGF
SMALL CAPITAL O-;E LIGATURE2 #CAB
OP5 FRONT R.D$ V[EL
6* "<#BCE-#AF">2 ,U"6#JBEB
TURN$ SCRIPT A2 #CAC
OP5 BACK R.D$ V[EL
+ "<#CDF">2 ,U"6#JBH,C
TURN$ ;V "<C>ET">2 #CAD
OP5-MID BACK UNR.D$ V[EL
6O "<#BCE-#ACE">2 ,U"6#JBFD
RAM'S HORNS2 #CAE
CLOSE-MID BACK UNR.D$ V[EL
6U "<#BCE-#ACF">2 ,U"6#JBF,F
TURN$ ;M2 #CAF
CLOSE BACK UNR.D$ V[EL
#DE ,TABLE #B4D A#AF
0I "<#CEF-#BD">2 ,U"6#JBFH
B>R$ I2 #CAG
CLOSE C5TRAL UNR.D$ V[EL
0U "<#CEF-#ACF">2 ,U"6#JBHI
B>R$ ;U2 #CAH
CLOSE C5TRAL R.D$ V[EL
/ "<#CD">2 ,U"6#JBF,A
SMALL CAPITAL I2 #CAI
NE>-CLOSE NE>-FRONT UNR.D$ V[EL
-------------------------------------#AG
9Y "<#CE-#ACDEF">2 ,U"6#JBH,F
SMALL CAPITAL ;Y2 #CBJ
NE>-CLOSE NE>-FRONT R.D$ V[EL
( "<#ABCEF">2 ,U"6#JBH,A
UPSILON2 #CBA
NE>-CLOSE NE>-BACK R.D$ V[EL
5 "<#BF">2 ,U"6#JBEI
S*WA2 #CBB
MID C5TRAL V[EL
0O "<#CEF-#ACE">2 ,U"6#JBGE
B>R$ O2 #CBC
CLOSE-MID C5TRAL R.D$ V[EL
#DF ,TABLE #B4D #AG
6A "<#BCE-#A">2 ,U"6#JBEJ
TURN$ A2 #CBD
NE>-OP5 C5TRAL V[EL
% "<#ADF">2 ,U"6#JJ,E#F
A%2 #CBE
NE>-OP5 FRONT UNR.D$ V[EL
6> "<#BCE-#CDE">2 ,U"6#JBE,C
REV]S$ EPSILON2 #CBF
OP5-MID C5TRAL UNR.D$ V[EL
5"R "<#BF-#E-#ABCE">2 ,U"6#JBE,A
"R-HOOK S*WA2 #CBG
;R-COLOR$ MID C5TRAL V[EL
8> "<#BCF-#CDE">2 ,U"6#JBE,E
CLOS$ REV]S$ EPSILON2 #CIE
OP5-MID C5TRAL R.D$ V[EL
6E "<#BCE-#AE">2 ,U"6#JBEH
REV]S$ ;E2 #CIG
CLOSE-MID C5TRAL UNR.D$ V[EL
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
#B4E4 ,DIACRITICS
,DIACRITICS >E SYMBOLS T 9DICATE
SUBTLE MODIFICA;NS 9 ! PRONUNCIA;N ( A
#DG TA4 #B4D1 #B4E DIACR4 A#AG
3SONANT OR V[EL4 ,9 ! 9KPR9T ,,IPA1
COMB9+ DIACRITICS MAY TAKE ?REE POSI;NS
RELATIVE TO A BASE GLYPH3 ABV "<EI
DIRECTLY ABV1 OR SUP]SCRIPT AF">1 AT !
SAME LEVEL "<EI SUP]IMPOS$ ON ! BASE
GLYPH1 OR IMMLY AF">1 OR 2L "<EI
-------------------------------------#AH
DIRECTLY "UN1?1 OR SUBSCRIPT AF">4 ,9
,,IPA ,BRL1 ! COMB9+ DIACRITIC SYMBOL
ALW COMES AF ! BASE GLYPH 2+ MODIFI$4 ,!
F/ CELL ( ! BRL COMB9+ DIACRITIC IS A
PLACE;T 9DICATOR1 REPRES5T+ ! LEVEL ( !
DIACRITIC BY US+ "O ( ! ?REE DOTS 9 !
"R-H& COLUMN ( ! BRL CELL4 .=@ "<DOT
#D"> 9DICATES T ! DIACRITIC APPE>S ABV !
BASE GLYPH,-EI DIRECTLY ABV1 OR
SUP]SCRIPT AF4 .=, "<DOT #F"> 9DICATES T
! DIACRITIC APPE>S 2L ! BASE GLYPH,-EI
DIRECTLY 2N1 OR SUBSCRIPT AF4 .=" "<DOT
#E"> 9DICATES T ! DIACRITIC IS ON ! SAME
LEVEL Z ! BASE GLYPH,-EI SUP]IMPOS$ "? !
C5T] ( ! GLYPH1 OR IMMLY AF X4 ,2C "! >E
ONLY ?REE SAME-LEVEL ,,IPA DIACRITICS
"<.="] 8SUP]IMPOS$ TILDE0 TO 9DICATE
#DH #B4E ,DIACRITICS #AH
VEL>IZA;N_/PH>YNG1LIZA;N1 .="R 8"R-HOOK0
TO 9DICATE RHOTIC;Y1 & .="' 8APO/ROPHE0
TO 9DICATE AN EJECTIVE">1 DOT #E AL
9DICATES ! 9KPR9T TIE B> OR LIGATURE1 &
IS PLAC$ 2T ! TWO BASE GLYPHS : >E TI$
OR LIGATUR$ TGR = : "! IS NO ,,IPA
SYMBOL UNIQUELY DEF9$ "<SEE ,SEC;N #C4A
2L">4 ,9 ADDI;N1 O!R ,,IPA MODIFI]S
"<SEE ,SEC;NS #B4F & #B4G 2L"> >E NON-
COMB9+1 M1N+ T !Y D N COMB9E ) A BASE
GLYPH 9 ANY ( ^! POSI;NS1 B 9/1D FUNC;N
Z IF !Y 7 LRS4 ,,IPA ,BRL USES .=_
"<DOTS #DEF"> Z ! F/ CELL ( MO/ NON-
COMB9+ MODIFI]S1 9CLUD+ T"O B>S1 9TONA;N
>R[S1 & PROSODIC GR\P+ SYMBOLS ILLU/RAT$
2L 9 ,SEC;NS #B4F & #B4G4
,"S COMB9+ DIACRITICS MAY O3UR AT ALL
?REE LEVELS1 & ! LEVEL ( ! DIACRITIC W
DET]M9E XS >TICULATORY M1N+4 ,= EXAMPLE1
! "<TILDE"> DIACRITIC "<WRITT5 9 ,,IPA
,BRL Z .=@]1 .="]1 OR .=,]1 DEP5D+ ON XS
POSI;N ) RESPECT TO ! BASE "*"> MAY O3UR
AT ANY ( ^! ?REE LEVELS4 ,:5 X O3URS ABV
A BASE GLYPH1 E4G4 ^(A@]^) X 9DICATES
#DI #B4E ,DIACRITICS A#AH
NASALIZA;N2 :5 X IS SUP]IMPOS$ "? A BASE
GLYPH1 E4G4 ^(T"]^) X 9DICATES VEL>IZA;N
OR PH>YNG1LIZA;N2 & A TILDE 2L A BASE
GLYPH1 E4G4 ^(A,]^) 9DICATES CR1KY
VOICE4
-------------------------------------#AI
,O!R COMB9+ DIACRITICS MAY 2 PLAC$ EI
ABV OR 2L ! BASE GLYPH1 DEP5D+ ON :E!R T
GLYPH HAS A DESC5D] 9 PR9T4 ,= EXAMPLE1
! "<R+"> DIACRITIC "<WRITT5 .=@$ OR .=,$
9 ,,IPA ,BRL1 DEP5D+ ON :E!R X IS
POSI;N$ ABV OR 2L ! BASE GLYPH
RESPECTIVELY"> 9DICATES T A VOIC$ S.D IS
2+ PRON\NC$ Z VOICE.S4 ,X O3URS 2L
9KPR9T GLYPHS T D N H DESC5D]S1 E4G4
^(A,$^)1 & X O3URS ABV 9KPR9T GLYPHS T H
DESC5D]S1 E4G4 ^($@$^)4
,NOTE T ,,IPA ,BRL DIACRITICS >E
EXPLICITLY DEF9$ Z MULTI-CELL1 COMPOSITE
"*S1 9CLUD+ ! PLACE;T 9DICATOR "<DOT #D1
#E1 OR #F">4 ,? IS CRUCIAL = TWO R1SONS4
,F/1 Z J 4CUSS$1 ! 9ITIAL DOT %[S !
V]TICAL POSI;N ) RESPECT TO ! BASE
GLYPH4 ,SECOND1 ! 9ITIAL DOT CLE>LY
#EJ #B4E ,DIACRITICS #AI
9DICATES T ! BRL SYMBOL REPRES5TS A
COMB9+ DIACRITIC1 R ?AN A 3SONANT OR
V[EL T MAY HAPP5 TO H ! SAME ,,IPA ,BRL
DOT 3FIGURA;N4 ,= 9/.E1 Z %[N 9 !
PULMONIC 3SONANT *>T 9 ,SEC;N #B4A1 !
,,IPA ,BRL SYMBOL .=$ "<DOTS #ABDF">
REPRES5TS ! VOIC$ VEL> NASAL "<5G">1 & !
,,IPA ,BRL SYMBOL .=] "<DOTS #ABDEF">
REPRES5TS ! VOIC$ D5TAL FRICATIVE
"<$H">4 ,9 ! ABV EXAMPLES1 ! "<TILDE"> &
"<R+"> DIACRITICS >E CLE>LY 4T9CT F !
3SONANTS ^(]^) & ^($^) RESPECTIVELY1 2C
( ! 9ITIAL PLACE;T DOT T M>KS !M Z BRL
COMB9+ DIACRITICS4 ,? IS TRUE ( _M
SYMBOLS 9 ! FOLL[+ TABLE1 ^: DOT
3FIGURA;NS MAY 9DICATE A 3SONANT OR V[EL
IF N PREC$$ BY A DIACRITIC PLACE;T DOT4
,= PURPOSES ( 3SI/5CY1 ! ROOTS ( _M (
! ,,IPA ,BRL COMB9+ DIACRITICS >E
ID5TICAL TO ^? DEF9$ 9 ,UNIFI$ ,5GLI%
,BRL "<,,UEB">1 SPECIFICALLY ! ,,UEB
SYMBOLS .=/ "<DOTS #CD"> 8ACUTE A35T01
.=* "<DOTS #AF"> 8GRAVE A35T01 .=]
"<DOTS #ABDEF"> 8TILDE01 .=3 "<DOTS
#EA #B4E ,DIACRITICS A#AI
#BE"> 8UMLAUT01 .=% "<DOTS #ADF">
8CIRCUMFLEX01 & .=$ "<DOTS #ABDF">
8CIRCLE04 ,H["E1 UNLIKE _! ,,UEB
C.T]"PS1 9 ,,IPA ,BRL ! COMB9+ DIACRITIC
ALW COMES AF ! GLYPH T X
-------------------------------------#BJ
MODIFIES1 & ALW 9CLUDES ! ,,IPA ,BRL
PLACE;T DOT TO 9DICATE XS POSI;N
RELATIVE TO ! BASE GLYPH Z DESCRIB$ ABV4
,:5 A BASE GLYPH COMB9ES ) TWO OR M
DIACRITICS1 ,,IPA ,BRL TRANSCRIBES !M 9
ORD] F L[E/ TO HI<E/ LEVEL1 FOLL[$ BY
ANY NON-COMB9+ MODIFI]S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !
,,IPA SEG;T "<L[]CASE ;R ) V]TICAL /ROKE
2L & CIRCUMFLEX ABV FOLL[$ BY A L5G?
M>K"> WD 2 TRANSCRIB$ 9 ,,IPA ,BRL Z
^(R,2@%3^)1 2G9N+ ) ! BASE GLYPH1 FOLL[$
BY ! BOTTOM-MO/ COMB9+ DIACRITIC1 MOV+
UPW>D TO ! TOP-MO/ COMB9+ DIACRITIC1 &
!N FOLL[$ BY ! NON-COMB9+ MODIFI]4
,SIMIL>LY1 ! ,,IPA SEG;T "<! CLOSE BACK
UNR.D$ V[EL ) R+ 2L & TILDE ABV"> WD 2
TRANSCRIB$ 9 ,,IPA ,BRL Z ^(6U,$@]^)4
"<,^! TWO EXAMPLES COME F ! ,CROATIAN &
#EB #B4E ,DIACRITICS #BJ
,PORTUGUESE SAMPLE ,,IPA PASSAGES
PRES5T$ 9 ! ,APP5DIX4 ,SEE ! ,APP5DIX =
M EXAMPLES4">
,NOTE T ! "R-MO/ COLUMN 9 ! FOLL[+
TABLE GIVES AN EXAMPLE ( DIACRITIC
USAGE4 ,^! EXAMPLES >E = ILLU/RATIVE
PURPOSES ONLY1 Z EA* ( ^! COMB9+
DIACRITICS MAY O3UR ) ANY NUMB] ( BASE
GLYPHS 2SS ! "O DEPICT$ "H 9 ! EXAMPLE4
,TABLE #B4E3 ,DIACRITICS
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC42 IPA_?,'
,,M1N+2 ,,EXAMPLE@.>
"' "<#E-#C">2 ,U"6#JB,,BC
APO/ROPHE2 #DJA
EJECTIVE2 T"'
,$ "<#F-#ABDF">2 ,U"6#JCBE
R+ 2L2 #DJB,A
VOICE.S2 B,$
#EC ,TABLE #B4E A#BJ
@$ "<#D-#ABDF">2 ,U"6#JCJ,A
R+ ABV2 #DJB,B
VOICE.S2 G@$
,8 "<#F-#BCF">2 ,U"6#JCB,C
W$GE 2L2 #DJC
VOIC$2 T,8
-------------------------------------#BA
@H "<#D-#ABE">2 ,U"6#JB,B#J
SUP]SCRIPT ;H2 #DJD
ASPIRAT$2 T@H
,3 "<#F-#BE">2 ,U"6#JCBD
UMLAUT 2L2 #DJE
BR1?Y VOIC$2 B,3
,] "<#F-#ABDEF">2 ,U"6#JCCJ
TILDE 2L2 #DJF
CR1KY VOIC$2 E,]
,& "<#F-#ABCDF">2 ,U"6#JCC,C
S1GULL 2L2 #DJG
L+UOLABIAL2 T,&
,? "<#F-#ADEF">2 ,U"6#JCB,A
BRIDGE 2L2 #DJH
D5TAL2 T,?
#ED ,TABLE #B4E #BA
,6? "<#F-#BCE-#ADEF">2 ,U"6#JCC,A
9V]T$ BRIDGE 2L2 #DJI
APICAL2 T,6?
,7 "<#F-#BCEF">2 ,U"6#JCC,B
SQU>E 2L2 #DAJ
LAM9AL2 R,7
,O "<#F-#ACE">2 ,U"6#JCCI
"R HALF-R+ 2L2 #DAA
M R.D$2 E,O
,[ "<#F-#BDF">2 ,U"6#JCA,C
LEFT HALF-R+ 2L2 #DAB
LESS R.D$2 O,[
,+ "<#F-#CDF">2 ,U"6#JCA,F
PLUS 2L2 #DAC
ADV.ED2 O,+
,- "<#F-#CF">2 ,U"6#JCBJ
M9US 2L2 #DAD
RETRACT$2 E,-
@3 "<#D-#BE">2 ,U"6#JCJH
UMLAUT ABV2 #DAE
C5TRALIZ$2 E@3
@X "<#D-#ACDF">2 ,U"6#JCC,D
OV]-CROSS ABV2 #DAF
MID-C5TRALIZ$2 E@X
#EE ,TABLE #B4E A#BA
,: "<#F-#AEF">2 ,U"6#JCAH
ADVANC+ SIGN 2L2 #DAG
ADV.ED T;GUE ROOT2 E,:
,S "<#F-#BCD">2 ,U"6#JCAI
RETRACT+ SIGN 2L2 #DAH
RETRACT$ T;GUE ROOT2 E,S
"R "<#E-#ABCE">2 ,U"6#JB,,DE
"R HOOK2 #DAI
RHOTIC;Y2 E"R
-------------------------------------#BB
@W "<#D-#BDEF">2 ,U"6#JB,B#G
SUP]SCRIPT ;W2 #DBJ
LABIALIZ$2 E@W
@J "<#D-#BDE">2 ,U"6#JB,B#B
SUP]SCRIPT ;J2 #DBA
PALATALIZ$2 T@J
@.G "<#D-#DF-#ABDE">2 ,U"6#JB,E#J
SUP]SCRIPT GAMMA2 #DBB
VEL>IZ$2 T@.G
@62 "<#D-#BCE-#BC">2 ,U"6#JB,E#D
SUP]SCRIPT REV]S$ GLOTTAL /OP2 #DBC
PH>YNG1LIZ$2 E@62
#EF ,TABLE #B4E #BB
@] "<#D-#ABDEF">2 ,U"6#JCJC
TILDE ABV2 #DBD
NASALIZ$2 E@]
@N "<#D-#ACDE">2 ,U"6#BJG,F
SUP]SCRIPT ;N2 #DBE
NASAL REL1SE2 D@N
@L "<#D-#ABC">2 ,U"6#JB,E#A
SUP]SCRIPT ;L2 #DBF
LAT]AL REL1SE2 T@L
@D "<#D-#ADE">2 ,U"6#JCA,A
CORN] ABV2 #DBG
NO AUDIBLE REL1SE2 T@D
"] "<#E-#ABDEF">2 ,U"6#JCCD
SUP]IMPOS$ TILDE2 #DBH
VEL>IZ$ OR PH>YNG1LIZ$2 T"]
,> "<#F-#CDE">2 ,U"6#JCA,D
RAIS+ SIGN 2L2 #DBI
RAIS$2 E,>
,< "<#F-#ABF">2 ,U"6#JCA,E
L[]+ SIGN 2L2 #DCJ
L[]$2 E,<
,2 "<#F-#BC">2 ,U"6#JCBI
V]TICAL L9E 2L2 #DCA
SYLLABIC2 M,2
#EG ,TABLE #B4E A#BB
,) "<#F-#BCDEF">2 ,U"6#JCB,F
>* 2L2 #DCB
NON-SYLLABIC2 N,)
" "<#E">2 ,U"6#JCFA
TOP TIE B>2 #DCC
A6RICATE OR D\BLE >TICULA;N2 K"P
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
-------------------------------------#BC
#B4F4 ,SUPRASEG;TALS
,SUPRASEG;TALS REF] TO F1TURES T G ON
TOP ( "<SUPRA-"> ! 3SONANTS & V[ELS
"<SEG;TS"> ( SPOK5 LANGUAGE4
,SUPRASEG;TAL SIGNS >E G5]ALLY US$ TO
NOTATE ! PROSODY ( SPEE* S.DS1
SYLLABLES1 ^WS1 OR PHRASES1 & 9DICATE
F1TURES S* Z /RESS1 L5G?1 SYLLABLE
BR1KS1 & TIM+4 ,,IPA ,BRL PRECISELY
FOLL[S ! 9KPR9T ,,IPA 9 ! PLACE;T ( ^!
SYMBOLS4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 GLYPHS HAV+ TO D )
SEG;T L5G? COME AF ! A6ECT$ SEG;T 9 BRL1
J Z !Y D 9 PR9T1 GLYPHS 9DICAT+ /RESS
COME 2F ! A6ECT$ SYLLABLE 9 BRL1 J Z !Y
#EH #B4F4 ,SUPRASEG;TALS #BC
D 9 PR9T1 & ! SYMBOLS = MAJOR & M9OR
9TONA;N GR\PS O3UR AT ! 5D ( PHRASES1 J
Z 9 PR9T4 ,SEE ! SAMPLE ,,IPA PASSAGES 9
! ,APP5DIX = SPECIFIC EXAMPLES4
,TABLE #B4F3 ,SUPRASEG;TALS
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,A S]IES ( ?REE DOT #ES
9DICATES A BLANK SPACE 9 PR9T4 ,PR9T
COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC4 IPA_?,'
,,M1N+2 ,,EXAMPLE@.>
_B "<#DEF-#AB">2 ,U"6#JB,C#H
V]TICAL /ROKE "<SUP]IOR">2 #EJA
"<PRIM>Y"> /RESS2 """
_2 "<#DEF-#BC">2 ,U"6#JB,,CC
V]TICAL /ROKE "<9F]IOR">2 #EJB
SECOND>Y /RESS2 """
3 "<#BE">2 ,U"6#JB,D#J
L5G? M>K2 #EJC
L;G2 E3
#EI ,TABLE #B4F A#BC
"1 "<#E-#B">2 ,U"6#JB,D#A
HALF-L5G? M>K2 #EJD
HALF-L;G2 E"1
@( "<#D-#ABCEF">2 ,U"6#JCJF
BREVE ABV2 #EJE
EXTRA-%ORT2 E@(
' "<#C">2 ,U"6#JJB,E
P]IOD2 #EJF
SYLLABLE BR1K2 """
_\ "<#DEF-#ABEF">2 ,U"6#JJG,C
V]TICAL L9E2 #EJG
M9OR "<FOOT"> GR\P2 """
-------------------------------------#BD
_= "<#DEF-#ABCDEF">2 ,U"6#BJAF
D\BLE V]TICAL L9E2 #EJH
MAJOR "<9TONA;N"> GR\P2 """
_L "<#DEF-#ABC">2 ,U"6#BJC,F
BOTTOM TIE B>2 #EJI
L9K+ "<ABS;E ( A BR1K">2 """
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
#B4G4 ,T"OS @& ,^W ,A35TS
,? SEC;N ( ! ,,IPA *>T 3SI/S ( SYMBOLS
#FJ TA4 #B4F1 T"OS @& A35TS4 #BD
TO REPRES5T T"O "<! RELATIVE PIT* ON : A
SYLLABLE IS PRON\NC$"> & O!R F1TURES (
LEXICAL & PHRASAL 9TONA;N4 ,! ,,IPA
PROVIDES TWO EQUIVAL5T SETS ( SYMBOLS =
9DICAT+ T"O4 ,"O SET 3SI/S ( COMB9+
DIACRITICS PLAC$ ABV ! SYLLABLE NUCLEUS1
& ! O!R 3SI/S ( 8T"O LRS0 PLAC$ IMMLY AF
! RELEVANT SYLLABLE4 ,,IPA ,BRL PROVIDES
REPRES5TA;NS = BO? ME?ODS4
,PR9T T"O LRS 3SI/ ( TWO L9ES3 "O L9E
IS V]TICAL1 PROVID+ A REF];E FRAME1 & !
O!R L9E 9T]SECTS X1 ICONICALLY DEPICT+ !
RELATIVE HEI<T & LEVEL OR 3T\R ( ! T"O4
,! ,,IPA ,BRL T"O LRS LIKEWISE ATTEMPT
TO CAPTURE ! ICONIC %APE ( ! PR9T T"O B>
GLYPHS Z F> Z POSSIBLE "<AL? ! ORD] (
V]TICAL & 9T]SECT+ L9ES IS REV]S$">4
,EA* BRL T"O LR 2G9S ) .=_ "<DOTS #DEF">
BO? TO 9DICATE A NON-COMB9+ MODIFI]1 &
AL TO REPRES5T ! V]TICAL REF];E B> 9 !
9KPR9T SYMBOL4 ,! REMA9+ CELL"<S"> ( !
BRL T"O LR REPRES5T ! HEI<T & %APE ( !
PIT*4 ,NOTE T 9 ! TYPOGRAPHIC DESCRIP;NS
( ^! T"O LRS1 ! NUMB]S 9 P>5!SES 9DICATE
#FA #B4G T"OS @& ^W A35TS A#BD
! COMMONLY-US$ DESCRIP;NS ( ^! SYMBOLS
BAS$ ON A S]IES ( NUMB]$ PIT* REGI/]S1
": ! DIGIT #E REF]S TO ! HI<E/ PIT*
REGI/] & ! DIGIT #A TO ! L[E/4 ,9 O!R
^WS1 ! NUMB] 8#EE0 9DICATES A LEVEL T"O
T />TS AT ! HI<E/
-------------------------------------#BE
PIT* REGI/] "<#E"> & REMA9S "!1 ! NUMB]
8#AC0 REF]S TO A 3T\R T"O T />TS AT !
L[E/ PIT* REGI/] "<#A"> & RISES TO ! MID
REGI/] "<#C">1 & S ON4
,Z ) ! SUPRASEG;TAL SYMBOLS PRES5T$ 9
! PREVI\S SEC;N1 ,,IPA ,BRL PRECISELY
FOLL[S ! 9KPR9T PLACE;T ( ^! DIACRITICS
& MODIFI]S3 PLAC+ UP/EP & GLOBAL 9TONA;N
SYMBOLS 2F ! A6ECT$ SEG;T1 SYLLABLE1 ^W1
OR PHRASE1 PLAC+ A T"O B> EI 2F OR AF !
SYLLABLE X MODIFIES "<DEP5D+ ON ! 9KPR9T
TEXT"> & BY US+ @ "<DOT #D"> TO 9DICATE
A T"O DIACRITIC COMB9$ ABV A BASE GLYPH4
,SEE ! SAMPLE ,,IPA PASSAGES 9 !
,APP5DIX = SPECIFIC EXAMPLES4
#FB #B4G T"OS @& ^W A35TS #BE
,TABLE #B4G3 ,T"OS & ,^W ,A35TS
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,A S]IES ( ?REE DOT #ES
9DICATES A BLANK SPACE 9 PR9T4 ,PR9T
COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC42 IPA_?,'
,,M1N+2 ,,EXAMPLE@.>
@,/ "<#D-#F-#CD">2 ,U"6#JCJ,B
D\BLE ACUTE A35T ABV2 #EAB
EXTRA HI< LEVEL T"O2 E@,/
_@C "<#DEF-#D-#AD">2 ,U"6#JB,E#E
EXTRA-HI< "<#EE"> T"O B>2 #EAI
EXTRA HI< LEVEL T"O2 """
@/ "<#D-#CD">2 ,U"6#JCJA
ACUTE A35T ABV2 #EAC
HI< LEVEL T"O2 E@/
_C "<#DEF-#AD">2 ,U"6#JB,E#F
HI< "<#DD"> T"O B>2 #EBJ
HI< LEVEL T"O2 """
#FC ,TABLE #B4G A#BE
@C "<#D-#AD">2 ,U"6#JCJD
MACRON ABV2 #EAD
MID LEVEL T"O2 E@C
_3 "<#DEF-#BE">2 ,U"6#JB,E#G
MID "<#CC"> T"O B>2 #EBA
MID LEVEL T"O2 """
@* "<#D-#AF">2 ,U"6#JCJJ
GRAVE A35T ABV2 #EAE
L[ LEVEL T"O2 E@*
-------------------------------------#BF
_- "<#DEF-#CF">2 ,U"6#JB,E#H
L[ "<#BB"> T"O B>2 #EBB
L[ LEVEL T"O2 """
@,* "<#D-#F-#AF">2 ,U"6#JCJ,F
D\BLE GRAVE A35T ABV2 #EAF
EXTRA L[ LEVEL T"O2 E@,*
_,- "<#DEF-#F-#CF">2 ,U"6#JB,E#I
EXTRA-L[ "<#AA"> T"O B>2 #EBC
EXTRA L[ LEVEL T"O2 """
@8 "<#D-#BCF">2 ,U"6#JCJ,C
W$GE ABV2 #EBD
RIS+ 3T\R T"O2 E@8
#FD ,TABLE #B4G #BF
_/ "<#DEF-#CD">2 ,U"6#JB,E#I "6
,U"6#JB,E#E
RIS+ "<#AE"> T"O B>2 #EBI
RIS+ 3T\R T"O2 """
@% "<#D-#ADF">2 ,U"6#JCJB
CIRCUMFLEX ABV2 #EBE
FALL+ 3T\R T"O2 E@%
_* "<#DEF-#AF">2 ,U"6#JB,E#E "6
,U"6#JB,E#I
FALL+ "<#EA"> T"O B>2 #ECJ
FALL+ 3T\R T"O2 """
@I "<#D-#BD">2 ,U"6#A,,DC#D
MACRON-ACUTE ABV2 #EBF
HI<-RIS+ 3T\R T"O2 E@I
_I "<#DEF-#BD">2 ,U"6#JB,E#G "6
,U"6#JB,E#E
HI<-RIS+ "<#CE"> T"O B>2 #ECA
HI<-RIS+ 3T\R T"O2 """
@9 "<#D-#CE">2 ,U"6#A,,DC#E
GRAVE-MACRON ABV2 #EBG
L[-RIS+ 3T\R T"O2 E@9
#FE ,TABLE #B4G A#BF
_9 "<#DEF-#CE">2 ,U"6#JB,E#I "6
,U"6#JB,E#G
L[-RIS+ "<#AC"> T"O B>2 #ECB
L[-RIS+ 3T\R T"O2 """
@4 "<#D-#BEF">2 ,U"6#A,,DC#H
GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE ABV2 #EBH
RIS+-FALL+ 3T\R T"O2 E@4
-------------------------------------#BG
_4 "<#DEF-#BEF">2 ,U"6#JB,E#H "6
,U"6#JB,E#E "6 ,U"6#JB,E#H2
RIS+-FALL+ "<#AEA"> T"O B>2 #ECC
RIS+-FALL+ 3T\R T"O2 """
_! "<#DEF-#BCDF">2 ,U"6#BAIC OR
,U"6,F#AI,D
D[N >R[2 #EAG
D[N/EP2 """
_$ "<#DEF-#ABDF">2 ,U"6#BAIA OR
,U"6,F#AI,C
UP >R[2 #EAH
UP/EP2 """
_D "<#DEF-#ADE">2 ,U"6#BAIG
UPW>D DIAGONAL >R[2 #EAJ
GLOBAL RISE2 """
#FF ,TABLE #B4G #BG
_0 "<#DEF-#CEF">2 ,U"6#BAIH
D[NW>D DIAGONAL >R[2 #EAA
GLOBAL FALL2 """
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
#B4H4 ,PHONETIC & ,PHONEMIC
,5CLOSURES
,X IS RECOMM5D$ BY ! ,9T]NA;NAL
,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N1 & IS 3V5;NAL 9
PR(ES.NAL 3TEXTS1 TO ALW 5CLOSE ,,IPA
MAT]IAL 9 SQU>E BRACKETS = PHONETIC
TRANSCRIP;N1 & TO 5CLOSE ,,IPA MAT]IAL
2T =W>D SLA%ES = PHONEMIC TRANSCRIP;N4
,? SEP>ATES PASSAGES ( ,,IPA F /&>D
OR?OGRAPHY1 & 9DICATES TO ! R1D] ! LEVEL
( PHONETIC DETAIL 2+ REPRES5T$4 ,! ,,IPA
,BRL EQUIVAL5TS ( ^! SYMBOLS >E Z
FOLL[S3
#FG #B4H4 ,5CLOSURES A#BG
-------------------------------------#BH
,TABLE #B4H3 ,PHONETIC &
,PHONEMIC ,5CLOSURES
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC42 IPA_?,'
,,M1N+@.>
^( "<#DE-#ABCEF">2 ,U"6#JJE,B
LEFT SQU>E BRACKET2 #IJA
2G9 PHONETIC TRANSCRIP;N
^) "<#DE-#BCDEF">2 ,U"6#JJE,D
"R SQU>E BRACKET2 #IJB
5D PHONETIC TRANSCRIP;N
^/ "<#DE-#CD">2 ,U"6#JJB,F
SLA%2 #IJC
2G9_/5D PHONEMIC TRANSCRIP;N
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
,Z 9 9KPR9T1 ^! SYMBOLS %D ALW 2 US$ 9
BRL1 TO 9DICATE T ! 5CLOS$ MAT]IAL %D 2
R1D Z ,,IPA ,BRL "<9/1D (1 SAY1 A
3TRACT$ LIT]>Y BRL CODE">1 & TO 9DICATE
#FH ,TABLE #B4H #BH
:E!R ! MAT]IAL IS ( A PHONETIC OR
PHONEMIC NATURE4 ,9 ADDI;N TO ! 5CLOSURE
SYMBOLS LI/$ ABV1 ! LEGISLATIVE BODIES
"<BRL AU?ORITIES"> RESPONSIBLE = OV]SI<T
( ! BRL CODES US$ = "PICUL> LANGUAGES1
C.TRIES1 OR REGIONS1 MAY /IPULATE
ADDI;NAL RULES = ! PRES5TA;N ( NON-LOCAL
BRL CODES S* Z ,,IPA ,BRL4 ,= EXAMPLE1
"S BRL AU?ORITIES MAY SPECIFY ! USE (
SPECIFIC CODE-SWIT* 9DICATORS TO
EXPLICITLY M>K ! TRANSI;N F "O BRL CODE
TO ANO!R1 E4G4 "O CODE-SWIT* 9DICATOR TO
%[ T ! TEXT IS N[ 9 ,,IPA ,BRL R ?AN
,UNIFI$ ,5GLI% ,BRL1 & !N A DI6]5T CODE-
SWIT* 9DICATOR TO SIGNAL ! 5D ( ! ,,IPA
,BRL TEXT & A RETURN TO ,UNIFI$ ,5GLI%
,BRL4 ,:5"E POSSIBLE1 H["E1 ? $ITOR
RECOMM5DS ! AVOID.E ( COMPLEX CODE-SWIT*
9DICATORS2 9/1D1 ! PHONETIC & PHONEMIC
5CLOSURE SIGNS !MVS %D 2 US$ = ?
PURPOSE1 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! RESULT+ TEXT
LESS CLUTT]$ & M R1D]-FRLY4 ,$ITOR'S
RECOMM5DA;N ASIDE H["E1 ! RULES AB :E!R1
H[ (T51 & 9 :AT 3TEXTS CODE-SWIT*
#FI #B4H ,5CLOSURES A#BH
9DICATORS
-------------------------------------#BI
>E TO 2 US$ >E ULTIMATELY UP TO !
DET]M9A;N ( EA* ( ! BRL LEGISLATIVE
BODIES2 9T]E/$ R1D]S & TRANSCRIB]S %D
*ECK ) _! LOCAL BRL AU?OR;Y = SPECIFIC
RULES & RECOMM5DA;NS = BE/ PRACTICES (
9DICAT+ T A GLYPH1 ^W1 OR PASSAGE IS
WRITT5 9 ,,IPA ,BRL R ?AN 9 ! LOCAL BRL
CODE4
#C4 ,NON-,,IPA ,SYMBOLS
,! TABLES 9 ,SEC;N #B H PRES5T$ ,,IPA
,BRL EQUIVAL5TS = #AHJ GLYPHS,-ALL ( !
SYMBOLS CURR5TLY ON ! (FICIAL ,,IPA *>T
"<9CLUD+ PHONETIC & PHONEMIC
5CLOSURES">4 ,? IS NO EASY TASK1 3SID]+
T "! >E ONLY #FC UNIQUE DOT COMB9A;NS 9
! BRL CELL4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 ! NUMB] (
(FICIAL ,,IPA "*S IS NE>LY ?REE "TS !
NUMB] ( UNIQUE1 S+LE-CELL BRL DOT
COMB9A;NS4 ,9 ADDI;N TO ! GLYPHS PRES5T$
ABV1 /UD5TS & PR(ES.NALS 9 ! LANGUAGE
#GJ #C4 NON-,,IPA SYMB4 #BI
SCI;ES W UND\BT$LY 5C.T] _M M PHONETIC
SYMBOLS T >E N (FICIALLY 5DORS$ BY !
,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N1 & ?US
>E N LI/$ 9 ! ABV TABLES4 ,= A FULL
OV]VIEW ( MO/ ( ^! 9KPR9T SYMBOLS1 SEE
,PULLUM & ,LADUSAW "<#AIIF">4 ,! CURR5T
SEC;N (F]S RECOMM5DA;NS = WAYS ( D1L+ )
NON-,,IPA GLYPHS1 9CLUD+3 US+ ! EXI/+
RES\RCES ( ,,IPA ,BRL TO REPRES5T !M
"<,SEC;N #C4A">1 US+ A SET ( DOCU;T-
SPECIFIC1 TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOLS
"<,SEC;N #C4B">1 & US+ TEMPOR>Y SWIT*
9DICATORS TO 9CORPORATE SYMBOLS S* Z
PUNCTUA;N & NUM]ALS F ANO!R BRL CODE
"<,SEC;N #C4C">4
#C4A4 ,COMMON ,PHONETIC ,SYMBOLS &
,PUNCTUA;N
,2C ,,IPA ,BRL 9CLUDES A ROBU/ SY/EM =
D1L+ ) DIACRITICS & MODIFI]S1 _M ( !
FREQU5TLY-5C.T]$ NON-,,IPA SYMBOLS C
N"O!.S 2 EASILY REPRES5T$4 ,= 9/.E1 "O
WIDELY-US$ SY/EM ( TRANSCRIB+ PO/ALVEOL>
#GA #C4A4 COM4 SYMB4 & PUNC4 A#BI
FRICATIVES
-------------------------------------#CJ
& A6RICATES "<ESPECIALLY 9 ,AM]ICANI/ &
,SLAVICI/ L+UI/IC TRADI;NS"> PLACES !
HACEK "<8W$GE0"> DIACRITIC OV] A BASE
3SONANT4 ,,IPA ,BRL EASILY A3OMMODATES ?
BY US+ ! EQUIVAL5T ,,IPA ,BRL DIACRITIC
.=@8 "<DOTS #D-#BCF"> 8W$GE ABV04 ,!
,,IPA ,BRL REPRES5TA;NS ( ^! 3SONANTS >E
"!=E Z FOLL[S3
,TABLE #C4A3 ,NON-,,IPA ,SYMBOLS =
,PO/ALVEOL> ,FRICATIVES
& ,A6RICATES
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC42 IPA_?,'
,,>TICULATORY ,,DESC4@.>
S@8 "<#BCD-#D-#BCF">2 ,U"6#JAFA
;S W$GE2 #BIG
VOICE.S PO/ALVEOL> FRICATIVE
#GB ,TABLE #C4A #CJ
Z@8 "<#ACEF-#D-#BCF">2 ,U"6#JAG,E
;Z W$GE2 #BIF
VOIC$ PO/ALVEOL> FRICATIVE
C@8 "<#AD-#D-#BCF">2 ,U"6#JAJ,D
;C W$GE2 #BII
VOICE.S PO/ALVEOL> A6RICATE
J@8 "<#BDE-#D-#BCF">2 ,U"6#JA,F#J
;J W$GE2 #BIH
VOIC$ PO/ALVEOL> A6RICATE
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
,ANO!R SET ( NON-,,IPA SYMBOLS T C
EASILY 2 A3OMMODAT$ BY ! EXI/+ RES\RCES
( ,,IPA ,BRL >E ! LIGATUR$ A6RICATE
SYMBOLS,-PREVI\SLY US$ 9 ! 9KPR9T ,,IPA1
B N[ )DRAWN 9 FAVOR ( NON-LIGATUR$
A6RICATES 3SI/+ ( TWO GLYPHS4 ,US+ !
8TIE B>0 SYMBOL .=" "<DOT #E">1 TO
9DICATE ! LIGATURE1 ! ,,IPA ,BRL
REPRES5TA;NS ( ^! GLYPHS >E "!=E Z
FOLL[S3
#GC ,TABLE #C4A A#CJ
-------------------------------------#CA
,TABLE #C4B3 ,NON-,,IPA ,SYMBOLS =
,LIGATUR$ ,A6RICATES
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC4 IPA_?,'
,,>TICULATORY ,,DESC4@.>
T"S "<#BCDE-#E-#BCD">2 ,U"6#JB,A#F
;T-;S LIGATURE2 #BAA
VOICE.S ALVEOL> A6RICATE
D"Z "<#ADE-#E-#ACEF">2 ,U"6#JB,A#C
;D-;Z LIGATURE2 #BAB
VOIC$ ALVEOL> A6RICATE
T": "<#BCDE-#E-#AEF">2 ,U"6#JB,A#G
;T-E% LIGATURE2 #BAC
VOICE.S PO/ALVEOL> A6RICATE
D"! "<#ADE-#E-#BCDF">2 ,U"6#JB,A#D
;D-EZH LIGATURE2 #BAD
VOIC$ PO/ALVEOL> A6RICATE
#GD ,TABLE #C4B #CA
T"8C "<#BCDE-#E-#BCF-#AD">2 ,U"6#JB,A#H
;T-CURLY-TAIL-;C LIGATURE2 #BAE
VOICE.S ALVEOLOPALATAL A6RICATE
D"8Z "<#ADE-#E-#BCF-#ACEF">2 ,U"6#JB,A#E
;D-CURLY-TAIL-;Z LIGATURE2 #BAF
VOIC$ ALVEOLOPALATAL A6RICATE
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
,,IPA ,BRL DEF9ES ! FOLL[+ PUNCTUA;N
SYMBOLS1 : MAY 2 USE;L 9 ! TRANSCRIP;N (
"S PHONETIC & PHONEMIC PASSAGES4 "<,NOTE
T ! P]IOD IS AN (FICIAL ,,IPA SYMBOL & 0
ALR LI/$ 9 ,TABLE #B4F4 ,X IS REP1T$ "H
= 3V5I;E4">
-------------------------------------#CB
,TABLE #C4C3 ,NON-,,IPA ,SYMBOLS
= ,PUNCTUA;N
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,,BRL "<DOTS">2 UNICODE,'
,,,TYPOGRAPHIC DESC42 IPA_?,'
,,M1N+@.>
#GE ,TABLES #C4B1 #C4C #CB
' "<#C">2 ,U"6#JJB,E
P]IOD2 #EJF
SYLLABLE BR1K_/P]IOD
1 "<#B">2 ,U"6#JJB,C
COMMA2 #DIA
PAUSE_/COMMA
- "<#CF">2 ,U"6#JJB,D
HYPH5 "<DA%">2 N_/A
MORPHEME BR1K_/HYPH5
_O "<#DEF-#ACE">2 ,U"6#BAIB
"RW>D >R[2 N_/A
REWRITE >R[ "<IS R1LIZ$ Z">
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
,O!R PUNCTUA;N SYMBOLS N SPECIFICALLY
DEF9$ 9 ,,IPA ,BRL M/ 2 EI REPRES5T$ US+
A TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL "<SEE ,SEC;N
#C4B"> OR 9CORPORAT$ F ANO!R BRL CODE
US+ TEMPOR>Y SWIT* 9DICATORS "<SEE
,SEC;N #C4C">4
#GF ,TABLE #C4C A#CB
#C4B4 ,TRANSCRIB]-,DEF9$ ,SYMBOLS
,IF A BRL EQUIVAL5T _C 2 3/RUCT$ = A
NON-,,IPA PHONETIC GLYPH US+ ! EXI/+
RES\RCES ( ,,IPA ,BRL1 ! FOLL[+
TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$1 DOCU;T-SPECIFIC
SYMBOLS MAY 2 US$ 9/1D4 ,EA* SYMBOL
3SI/S ( DOTS #DF FOLL[$ BY ! L[]-CELL
LRS A-;J4 ,^! SYMBOLS >E AVAILABLE = USE
BY TRANSCRIB]S ON AN AD-HOC1 CASE-BY-
CASE BASIS :5 A SYMBOL IS US$ 9 9KPR9T T
HAS NO DEF9$ EQUIVAL5T 9 ,,IPA ,BRL4 ,IF
A TRANSCRIB] USES ANY ( ^! SYMBOLS1 A
NOTE M/ 2 9CLUD$ AT ! 2G9N+ ( ! DOCU;T
TO /ATE : PR9T SYMBOLS !Y REPRES5T4 ,!
M1N+S ( TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOLS >E ONLY
VALID = ! DOCU;T 9 : !Y >E DEF9$4 ,!Y
MAY O3UR Z LI/$ "H IF !Y >E REPRES5T+
LR-L SYMBOLS1 OR !Y MAY 2 US$ Z COMB9+
DIACRITICS BY PREC$+ !M ) ! APPROPRIATE
PLACE;T 9DICATOR "<DOT #D1 DOT #E1 OR
DOT #F"> Z 4CUSS$ 9 ,SEC;N #B4E4 ,9 O!R
^WS1 IF A TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL IS 2+
#GG #C4B TRANS4-DEF9$ SYMB4 B#CB
US$ TO REPRES5T A COMB9+ DIACRITIC1 !N X
M/ 2 PREC$$ BY .=@ "<DOT #D"> TO
-------------------------------------#CC
9DICATE T ! DIACRITIC APPE>S ABV ! BASE
GLYPH "<EI DIRECTLY ABV1 OR SUP]SCRIPT
AF">1 .=" "<DOT #E"> TO 9DICATE T !
DIACRITIC IS ON ! SAME LEVEL Z ! BASE
GLYPH "<EI SUP]IMPOS$ OR IMMLY AF X">1
OR .=, "<DOT #F"> TO 9DICATE T !
DIACRITIC APPE>S 2L ! BASE GLYPH "<EI
DIRECTLY 2N1 OR SUBSCRIPT AF">4 ,ON !
O!R H&1 IF X IS 2+ US$ Z A 3SONANT1
V[EL1 OR NON-COMB9+ MODIFI]1 ! TWO-CELL
SYMBOL "<DOTS #DF FOLL[$ BY L[]-CELL
A-;J"> NE$S NO PLACE;T DOT4
,TABLE #C4D3 ,TRANSCRIB]-,DEF9$
,SYMBOLS
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,BRL "<,,DOTS">
,,M1N+@.>
#GH ,TABLE #C4D #CC
.1 "<#DF-#B">
,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL #A
.2 "<#DF-#BC">
,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL #B
.3 "<#DF-#BE">
,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL #C
.4 "<#DF-#BEF">
,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL #D
.5 "<#DF-#BF">
,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL #E
.6 "<#DF-#BCE">
,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL #F
.7 "<#DF-#BCEF">
,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL #G
.8 "<#DF-#BCF">
,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL #H
.9 "<#DF-#CE">
,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL #I
.0 "<#DF-#CEF">
,TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$ SYMBOL #AJ
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
#GI ,TABLE #C4D A#CC
#C4C4 ,TEMPOR>Y ,CODE-,SWIT*
,9DICATORS
,! ,,IPA DOES N 9CLUDE SYMBOLS =
DIGITS1 UPP]-CASE LRS1 OR MO/ PUNCTUA;N
,-& ,,IPA ,BRL LIKEWISE MAKES NO PROVI.N
= ^! SYMBOLS1 Z !Y >E R>ELY 9T]M+L$ )
,,IPA 9 9KPR9T4 ,9 CASES ": S* SYMBOLS D
O3UR )9 9KPR9T
-------------------------------------#CD
PHONETIC TRANSCRIP;N1 ,,IPA ,BRL (F]S
TEMPOR>Y SWIT* 9DICATORS = J ? PURPOSE1
TO 9DICATE TO ! R1D] A TEMPOR>Y SWIT* F
,,IPA ,BRL 9TO ! PRIM>Y BRL CODE ( !
DOCU;T1 :AT"E LANGUAGE OR CODE T MAY BE4
,IF A TRANSCRIB] USES TEMPOR>Y SWIT*
9DICATORS1 A NOTE %D O3UR AT ! 2G9N+ ( !
DOCU;T1 CLE>LY /AT+ : BRL CODE IS !
DEFAULT = NON-,,IPA ,BRL "<E4G4 ,UNIFI$
,5GLI% ,BRL1 ,U4,S4 ,,ASCII ,BRL1 ETC4">
#HJ #C4C TEMP4 CODE-SWIT* #CD
,TABLE #C4E3 ,TEMPOR>Y
,SWIT* ,9DICATORS
7777777777777777777777777777777777777777
@.<,PR9T COLUMN =M *ANG$ Z FOLL[S3
,,BRL "<,,DOTS">
,,M1N+@.>
; "<#EF">
,! FOLL[+ SYMBOL IS NON-,,IPA & %D 2
R1D 9 A3ORD.E ) ! PRIM>Y BRL CODE ( !
DOCU;T4
;; "<#EF-#EF">
,! FOLL[+ PASSAGE IS NON-,,IPA & %D 2
R1D 9 A3ORD.E ) ! PRIM>Y BRL CODE ( !
DOCU;T4 "<,NON-,,IPA PASSAGE IS
T]M9AT$ BY DOTS #EF-#BC4">
;2 "<#EF-#BC">
,T]M9ATES A PASSAGE ( NON-,,IPA TEXT
"<PREVI\SLY OP5$ BY DOTS #EF-#EF">2
RETURN TO ,,IPA ,BRL4
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
,= EXAMPLE1 IF AN 9KPR9T ,,IPA ^W 7 TO
3TA9 P>5!SES "<TO 9DICATE AN 9AUDIBLE OR
#HA ,TABLE #C4E A#CD
UNPRON\NC$ S.D">1 ,,IPA ,BRL WD
TRANSCRIBE !M EI BY US+ TRANSCRIB]-DEF9$
SYMBOLS "<SEE ,SEC;N #C4B ABV">1 OR ) A
TEMPOR>Y SWIT* 9DICATOR PREC$+ ! P>5!SES
SYMBOLS 9 ! DEFAULT BRL CODE4 ,9 S* A
CASE1 ASSUM+1 SAY1 ! DEFAULT BRL CODE IS
,UNIFI$ ,5GLI% ,BRL1 ": .="< "<DOTS #E-
#ABF"> & .="> "<DOTS #E-#CDE"> >E ! LEFT
& "R P>5!SIS SYMBOLS RESPECTIVELY1 !N
,,IPA "<84AGREE0 ) ! S*WA 9 P>5!SES"> WD
2 WRITT5 9 ,,IPA ,BRL Z
^(_2D/S;"<5;">_BG#I^)1 ": ! ,,UEB
SYMBOLS = ! LEFT & "R P>5!SES
-------------------------------------#CE
>E 9CORPORAT$ BY PREC$+ EA* ( !M ) A
TEMPOR>Y CODE SWIT* \ ( ,,IPA ,BRL4 ,SEE
AL ! ,AM]ICAN ,5GLI% SAMPLE PASSAGE 9 !
,APP5DIX = ! USE ( A TEMPOR>Y SWIT* TO
PREC$E A SEMICOLON T O3URS ONCE 9 T
PASSAGE4
#D4 ,MISCELLANE\S ,USAGE ,NOTES
,,IPA ,BRL IS A SEP>ATE BRL CODE F O!R
#HB #D4 ,MISC4 ,USAGE ,NOTES #CE
BRL CODES DEF9$ = SPECIFIC REGIONS OR
LANGUAGES4 ,NO 3TRAC;NS >E ALL[$ 9 ,,IPA
,BRL1 & NO NATIVE BRL SYMBOLS %D 2 US$
O!R ?AN ^? SPECIFI$ 9 ? PUBLICA;N "<UN.S
!Y >E PREC$$ BY A TEMPOR>Y SWIT*
9DICATOR Z 4CUSS$ 9 ,SEC;N #C4C">4
,,IPA ,BRL L9ES M/ N 2 HYPH5AT$4
,! USE ( PHONETIC OR PHONEMIC 5CLOSURE
SIGNS %D 2 REPRODUC$ EXACTLY Z GIV5 9
9KPR9T4
,SEE ! 4CUS.N 9 ,SEC;NS #B-#C ( ?
PUBLICA;N = SPECIFIC DETAILS AB EA*
GLYPH1 & SEE ! ,APP5DIX ( SAMPLE
PASSAGES = A 3CRETE ILLU/RA;N ( ,,IPA
,BRL 9 USE4
#HC MISCELLANE\S USAGE NOTES A#CE
-------------------------------------#CF
,REF];ES
,BRL ,AU?OR;Y ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 #AIIG4
.7,BRL ,=MATS3 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,PR9T TO
,BRL ,TRANSCRIP;N.'4 ,L\ISVILLE3
,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL4
,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N4 #AIII4
.7,H&BOOK ( ! ,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC
,ASSOCIA;N3 ,A ,GUIDE TO ! ,USE ( !
,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ALPHABET.'4 ,NEW
,YORK3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]S;Y ,PRESS4
,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N WEB
SITE3
HTTP3_/_/WWW4>TS4GLA4AC4UK_/,,IPA
,LADEFOG$1 ,PET]4 #BJJE4 .7,A ,C\RSE 9
,PHONETICS.'1 #ETH $4 ,BO/ON3 ,HE9LE
@& ,HE9LE4
,M]RICK1 ;,W4 ,P]CY & ;,W4 ,POTTH(F4
#AICD4 .7,A ,BRL ,NOTA;N ( !
,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ALPHABET
"<#AICB"> ) ,KEY-,^WS & ,SPECIM5
,TEXTS.'4 ,LONDON3 ,! ,NA;NAL ,9/ITUTE
#HD ,REF];ES #CF
= ! ,BL4
,PULLUM1 ,GE(FREY ;,K4 & ,WILLIAM ,A4
,LADUSAW4 #AIIF4 .7,PHONETIC ,SYMBOL
,GUIDE.'1 #BND $4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]S;Y (
,*ICAGO ,PRESS4
#HE ,REF];ES A#CF
-------------------------------------#CG
,APP5DIX3 ,SAMPLE ,PASSAGES
,"P #B ( ! .7,H&BOOK ( ! ,9T]NA;NAL
,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N.' 3TA9S EXT5SIVE
ILLU/RA;NS ( ! ,,IPA Z APPLI$ TO #BI
DI6]5T LANGUAGES4 ,9 ADDI;N TO A ?OR\<
OV]VIEW ( ! SPEE* S.DS 9 EA* LANGUAGE1 &
A 4CUS.N ( ! ,,IPA 3V5;NS BE/ SUIT$ =
REPRES5T+ !M1 A BRIEF SAMPLE PASSAGE IS
AL PRES5T$4 ,^! SAMPLES TYPICALLY 3SI/ (
AN ,,IPA TRANSCRIP;N ( A RECORD$
PASSAGE1 USUALLY A RETELL+ ( ! 8,NOR?
,W9D & ! ,SUN0 FABLE1 RECORD$ F A NATIVE
SP1K] ( EA* LANGUAGE,-A FAVORITE PASSAGE
US$ = PHONETIC PURPOSES S9CE ! LATE
#AITH C5TURY4
,? APP5DIX PRES5TS FIVE ( ! #BI SAMPLE
PASSAGES F ! .1,H&BOOK.'1 TRANSCRIB$ 9TO
,,IPA ,BRL4 ,!Y >E REPR9T$ "H ) ! 3S5T (
! ,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N & BY !
K9D P]MIS.N ( ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]S;Y
,PRESS4 "<,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC
#HF ,APP5DIX3 ,SAMPLES #CG
,ASSOCIA;N4 #AIII4 .7,H&BOOK ( !
,9T]NA;NAL ,PHONETIC ,ASSOCIA;N3 ,A
,GUIDE TO ! ,USE ( ! ,9T]NA;NAL
,PHONETIC ,ALPHABET.'4 ,NEW ,YORK3
,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]S;Y ,PRESS4"> ,!Y MAY N
2 FUR!R REPRODUC$ EXCEPT BY WRITT5
P]MIS.N ( ! COPY"R HOLD]1 ,CAMBRIDGE
,UNIV]S;Y ,PRESS4
,^! FIVE PASSAGES 7 *OS5 TO EA*
HI<LI<T "S ASPECT ( ,,IPA ,BRL1 S* Z !
USE ( MO/ ( ! 3SONANT & V[EL SYMBOLS
PRES5T$ 9 ,SEC;NS #B4A-#B4D1 & TO CLE>LY
ILLU/RATE ! USE ( COMB9+ DIACRITICS1 T"O
LRS1 & SYMBOLS = L5G?1 /RESS1 & 9TONA;N4
,^! PASSAGES S]VE Z DEMON/RA;NS T ,,IPA
,BRL IS 9DE$ FLEXIBLE1 HI<LY R1DABLE1 &
ROBU/ 5 TO FULLY & A3URATELY CAPTURE ALL
( ! DETAILS ( ! (FICIAL 9KPR9T ,,IPA4
#HG ,APP5DIX3 ,SAMPLES A#CG
-------------------------------------#CH
,SAMPLE #A3 ,AM]ICAN ,5GLI%
"<,N>R[ ,TRANSCRIP;N">
"<.1,,IPA .1,H&BOOK1 PAGE #DD">
^(]5 _BN<#.? _2W/ND 5N 5 _BS+N W5"R
D/S_BPJU6R/$ _BW/T: W5Z ]5 _BST#*$G5"R1
W>N 5 _BT#%VL5"R _2KEM 5_BL*$ _B#%PT /N
5 _BW<#M _BKLOK' ]E 5_BG#ID ]5T ]5 _BW+N
HU _BF5"RST S5K_BSID5D /N _BMEK/$ ]5
_BT#%VL5"R _BTEK /Z _BKLOK _2*F :(D BI
K5N_BS/D5"RD _BST#*$G5"R ]5N ]/ _B+]5"R'
_B]>N ]5 _BN<#.? _2W/ND _BBLU 5Z _BH*#D
5Z HI _BK(D1 B5T ]5 _BM<# HI _BBLU ]5
_BM<# _BKLOSLI D/D ]5 _BT#%VL5"R _BFOLD
H/Z _BKLOK 5_B#A(ND H/M;2 _2%N 5T _BL%ST
]5 _BN<#.? _2W/ND _2GEV _B+P ]I
5_BT>MPT' _B]>N ]5 _BS+N _B:A/ND _2A(T
_BW<#MLI1 5N /_BMIDI5TLI ]5 _BT#%VL5"R
_2T(K _B*F /Z _BKLOK' 5N _BSO ]5 _BN<#.?
_2W/ND W5Z 5_BBLA/! T/ K5N_BF>S ]5T ]5
_BS+N W5Z ]5 _BST#*$G5"R 5V ]5 _BTU'^)
#HH #A ,AM]ICAN ,5GLI% #CH
-------------------------------------#CI
,SAMPLE #B3 ,H;G ,K;G ,CANTONESE
"<.1,,IPA .1,H&BOOK1 PAGE #FJ">
^(J6AU_9 J6AT_@C TS@HI_3 _\ P6AK_@C
F($_@C T@H($_,- T@HAI_3 J[$_,- H6AI_I
TOU_- AU_3 K6AN_I PIN_@C K<_3 L>K_@C
TI_@C _= K@H0OY_9 TEI_- AM_@C AM_@C
T@H6AI_I TOU_I J6AU_9 K<_3 J6AN_I HA$_,-
K@W<_3 _\ LI_@C K<_3 J6AN_I TS[K_3 TSY_-
KIN_- TAI_- L6AU_@C _= K@H0OY_9 TEI_-
TS6AU_- WA_- LAK_3 _\ PIN_@C K<_3 H<_I
JI_9 TS/$_I TOU_3 LI_@C K<_3 J6AN_I
TS@H0OY_,- TS<_I KIN_- L6AU_@C L>_@C _\
TS6AU_- SYN_3 PIN_@C K<_3 L>K_@C TI_@C
LAK_3 _= JY_@C SI_- _\ P6AK_@C F($_@C
TS6AU_- P<K_3 M>$_- K6AM_I TS@H0OY_@C _=
TIM_I TSI_@C _\ K@H0OY_9 JYT_-
TS@H0OY_@C T6AK_@C S6AI_@C LEI_- _\ K<_I
K<_3 J6AN_I TS6AU_- JYT_- H6AI_- LA_I
S6AT_- KIN_- L6AU_@C _= TS0OY_3 H6AU_-
_\ P6AK_@C F($_@C MOU_9 SAI_3 FU_,- _\
#HI #B ,H;G ,K;G ,CANTONESE #CI
W6AI_,- J6AU_9 F<$_3 HEI_3 _= K6AN_@C
TSY_- _\
-------------------------------------#DJ
T@HAI_3 J[$_,- TS@H0OT_@C LEI_,- SAI_3
TS<_I J6AT_@C TS6AN_- _\ K<_I K<_3
J6AN_I TS6AU_- TS/K_@C HAK_@C TS@H0OY_,-
TS<_I KIN_- L6AU_@C LAK_3 _= JY_@C SI_-
_\ P6AK_@C F($_@C W6AI_,- J6AU_9 J/$_-
SY_@C LA_@C _=^)
,SAMPLE #C3 ,CROATIAN
"<.1,,IPA .1,H&BOOK1 PAGE #FI">
^(_= SJE@%8VE3RNI3 LE@8DENI3 8VJE@%TAR
I_LSU@%3NTSE_LSU_LSE PRE@8PIRALI
O_LS8VO@8JOJ SNA@83ZI _= STO@%GA
O@8DLUT:E3 DA_LO@8NOME O@%D_L=I3X
PRI@8PADNE PO@%BJEDA KO@8JI3 S8VU@83T:E3
_\ T:O@%8VJEKA PU@%3TNIKA _= 8VJE@%TAR
ZA@8POT:E SNA@%3!NO PU@83XATI _\
A_LBU@8DU3T8CI DA_LJE T:O@%8VJEK
T:8VR,2@%3STO DR,2@%!AO O@%DJET8CU _\
NA@88VALI O@%3N JO@%: JA@%T:E3 _=
#IJ ,CANTONESE1 #C ,CROATIAN #DJ
-------------------------------------#DA
T:O@%8VJEK PA@%3K JO@%: JA@%T:E3
OT_LSTU@%DENI PRI@8TISNU3T _\
NA8VU@83T:E3 NA@8_LSEBE JO@%: 8VI@%:E3
O@%DJET8CE3 _\ DO@%K_LSE 8VJE@%TAR
NE_LU@8MORI3 I_LPRE@8PUSTI3_LGA TA@%DA
SU@%3NTSU _= O@8NO3 U_LPOT:E@83TKU
ZA@8SIJA U@8MJERENO _= KA@%D_LJE
T:O@%8VJEK SKI@%NUO SU8VI@83:AK
O@%DJET8CE3 _\ PO@88VI3SI O@8NO3 JO@%:
JA@%T:E3 !E@%GU _\ DO@%K_LSE T:O@%8VJEK
_\ U_LNEMOGU@83T8CNOSTI DA_LO@8DOLI
SU@8NT:E8VO3J TOPLI@8NI NE_LS8VU@83T:E3
_\ I_LNE@8_LPOD8ZE3 NA_LKU@83PA=E
U_LRIJE@83KU TEKU@8T8CITSU _= PRI@%3T:A
POKA@8ZUJE3 DA_LJE_LT:E@%3STO
USPJE@8:NIJE3 U8VJERA@838VA3=E _\
NE@8GOLI NA@83SI38YE _=^)
#IA #C ,CROATIAN #DA
,SAMPLE #D3 ,FR5*
"<.1,,IPA .1,H&BOOK1 PAGE #HJ-#HA">
,! .1,H&BOOK 3TA9S ! FOLL[+ NOTE
PREC$+ ? TRANSCRIP;N3
8,! TRANSCRIP;NAL /YLE ADOPT$ 9 ?
ILLU/RA;N IS A RELATIVELY N>R[ "O1 :
REFLECTS ! "PICUL> PRONUNCIA;N US$ 9 !
RECORD+ ( ! PASSAGE MADE = ! ILLU/RA;N40
-------------------------------------#DB
^(LA BIZ E L5 S<L>@J S5 DISPYT> _=
:AK>@] ASY9#*@] KIL>T> L5 PLY F<@39#,<
_= K*@]T ILZ<@] VY >@] VW*JA![ KI
SAV*@]S> _= *@]VLOPE D*@] S<@] M*@]TO _=
I3 S<@] T<@]BE DAK<@39#,$ K5 S5L4HI KI
A9#IV9#E L5P9#,$5MJE A L5 L4HI F>9#OTE
_= S59#5 9#5GA9#DE K<@3M L5 PLY F<@39#,$
_= AL<@39#,< LA BIZ S>,> MIZ A SUFLE D5
TUT SE F<@39#,<S _= M> PLY >L SUFL> PLY
L5 VW*JA![9#,< S>9#> S<@] M*@]TOT(9#,<
#IB #D ,FR5* #DB
D5 L4HI _= FINALM*@] >L 9#5NO@]SA L5
L4HI F>9#OTE _= AL<@39#,< L5 S<L>@J
K<M*@]SA B9#,$IJE _= E O BU D>,O@]
M<M*@] L5 VW*JA![ 9#E:OFE OTA S<@]
M*@]TO _= >@]SI LA BIZ DY 9#5K<N>T K5 L5
S<L>@J >T> L5 PLY F<@39#,<'^)
,SAMPLE #E3 ,PORTUGUESE
"<.1,,IPA .1,H&BOOK'1 PAGE #ABI-#ACJ">
,! .1,H&BOOK 3TA9S ! FOLL[+ NOTE
PREC$+ ? TRANSCRIP;N4 ,X IS 9CLUD$ "H 2C
X NICELY ILLU/RATES ! USE ( PHONETIC &
PHONEMIC 5CLOSURES3
-------------------------------------#DC
8,! TRANSCRIP;N PROVID$ 2L IS N>R[ 9
C]TA9 RESPECTS1 & 9CLUDES ! REPRES5TA;N
( S&HI PH5OM5A "<,H]SLUND #AIHF">1 =
EXAMPLE1 9 L9E #A ": ^(_B>6R<^) IS !
3TRAC;N ( ^/_B>6R6A U^/1 & ( PIT*
EXCUR.NS4 ,UN/RESS$ SYLLABLES : MA9TA9
_! T>GET V[EL QUALITIES >E N TRANSCRIB$
#IC ,FR5*1 #E ,PORTUGUESE #DC
) A SECOND>Y /RESS2 SECOND>Y /RESS IS
%[N ONLY ) DIPH?;GS4 ,UN/EPP$ SYLLABLES
>E FOLL[$ BY L[ OR FALL+ SYLLABLES1
D[N/EPP$ SYLLABLES BY L[ OR RIS+
SYLLABLES4 ,S9CE UP/EP & D[N/EP D N
NECESS>ILY O3UR ON A /RESS$ SYLLABLE1
ALL PRIM>Y /RESSES N 9DICAT$ BY A T"O
M>K >E %[N 9 ! TRANSCRIP;N40
^(U _$_BVE@]TU _BN<6RT _$I U S<L
D,$:KU_BTI_26A@]U _$KU,)AL DU! DOIZ
_$_B>6R< MAI: _9F<6RT6U _\
_$_BKU,)6A@]DU SUS6U_BDEU P6A_BSA6R U@]
VI6A_$_B!6A@]T6U 6U,$@]_$_BVOLT NUM6A
_*KAP6A _= AU _9VELU _\
_BPO@]I_$_26A@]IS DI6A_!_BKO6RDU 6A@]I
_BKOMU 6A_$_BKEL K6U P6RI_$_BM6AI6RU
KO@]S_BGIS <B6RI_BGA6R U VI6A_B!6A@]T6U
6A TI_B6RA6R 6A _9KAP6A _\ S6RI6A
KO@]SID6U_$_B6RADU U MAI: _*F<6RT _= U
_$_BVE@]TU _BN<6RT6U KUM6U_BSO 6A
SU_BP6RA6R KO@] _BMU@]IT6A _9FU6RI6A _\
M6A:
#ID #E ,PORTUGUESE A#DC
-------------------------------------#DD
_$_BKU,)6A@]TU MAI: SU_9P6RAV6A _\ MAIZ
_$U VI6A_!_B!6A@]T6U SI 6AKO@]:_!_BGAVA
SU6A _*KAP6A _\ 6A_BT> _$KIU _BVE@]TU
_BN<6RT6U _*D,$Z,$:TIU _= _$U S<L
B6RI_B8YO E@]_BT6A@]U KO@] _BTODU
:PLE@]_9DO6R _\ I _$IM6UDIAT6A_BME@]T U
VI6A_$_B!6A@]T6U TI_B6RO 6A _*KAP6A _= U
_$_BVE@]TU _BN<6RT6U TEV 6A_BSI@] D6U
9#,$KU=6U_$_BSE6R 6A SUP6U6RIU6RI_BDAD
_$DU _*S<L _=^)
#IE #E ,POQTUGUESE #DD
-------------------------------------#DE
,TRANSCRIB]'S ,9DEX
,! FOLL[+ 9DEX PRES5TS EA* PR9T GLYPH
Z DEF9$ 9 ,,IPA ,BRL1 AL;G ) XS BRL
REPRES5TA;N & TYPOGRAPHIC DESCRIP;N4
,GLYPHS H BE5 >RANG$ 9 PSEUDO-
ALPHABETICAL ORD] :5"E POSSIBLE1 OR
GR\P$ BY VISUAL APPE>.E & SIMIL>;Y4 ,!
PURPOSE ( ? 9DEX IS TO PROVIDE A QK
REF];E TO ! SYMBOLS ( ,,IPA ,BRL1 & AL
TO AID PR9T-TO-BRL TRANSCRIB]S "<_M (
:OM MAY H LL TO NO EXP]I;E ) ! ,,IPA"> 9
F9D+ ! APPROPRIATE GLYPH4
,3SONANTS & ,V[ELS
,! FOLL[+ LI/ COMPRISES ALL ( !
3SONANT & V[EL SYMBOLS PRES5T$ 9 ?
PUBLICA;N1 AL;G ) _! ,,IPA ,BRL
EQUIVAL5TS4 ,GLYPHS H BE5 >RANG$ 9
PSEUDO-ALPHABETICAL ORD]1 R\<LY BAS$ ON
_! VISUAL APPE>.E4
#IF ,TRANSCRIB]'S ,9DEX #DE
A
.=A L[]CASE A
.=6A TURN$ A
.=* SCRIPT A
.=6* TURN$ SCRIPT A
.=% A%
;B
.=B L[]CASE ;B
.=8B HOOKTOP ;B
.=9B SMALL CAPITAL ;B
.=.B 2TA
;C
.=C L[]CASE ;C
.=C@8 ;C W$GE
.=6C ;C C$ILLA
.=8C CURLY-TAIL ;C
;D
.=D L[]CASE ;D
.=8D HOOKTOP ;D
.=4D "R-TAIL ;D
.=D"Z ;D-;Z LIGATURE
.=D"! ;D-EZH LIGATURE
#IG 3SONANTS & V[ELS A-;D A#DE
-------------------------------------#DF
.=D"8Z ;D-CURLY-TAIL-;Z LIGATURE
.=] $H
;E
.=E L[]CASE ;E
.=5 S*WA
.=5"R "R-HOOK S*WA
.=6E REV]S$ ;E
.=> EPSILON
.=6> REV]S$ EPSILON
.=8> CLOS$ REV]S$ EPSILON
;F
.=F L[]CASE ;F
;G
.=G L[]CASE ;G
.=G L[]CASE SCRIPT ;G
.=8G HOOKTOP ;G
.=9G SMALL CAPITAL ;G
.=89G HOOKTOP SMALL CAPITAL ;G
;H
.=H L[]CASE ;H
.=6H B>R$ ;H
.=8H HOOKTOP ;H
.=8$ HOOKTOP H5G
#IH 3SONANTS & V[ELS ;E-;H #DF
.=4H TURN$ ;H
.=9H SMALL CAPITAL ;H
I
.=I L[]CASE I
.=0I B>R$ I
.=/ SMALL CAPITAL I
;J
.=J L[]CASE ;J
.=8J CURLY-TAIL ;J
.=J@8 ;J W$GE
.=9J B>R$ DOT.S ;J
.=89J HOOKTOP B>R$ DOT.S ;J
;K
.=K L[]CASE ;K
.=K"' ;K APO/ROPHE
.=K"P ;K-;P LIGATURE
;L
.=L L[]CASE ;L
.=6L L[]CASE ;L ) TILDE
.=8L BELT$ ;L
.=4L "R-TAIL ;L
-------------------------------------#DG
.=9L SMALL CAPITAL ;L
.=L"! ;L-EZH LIGATURE
#II 3SONANTS & V[ELS I-;L #DG
;M
.=M L[]CASE ;M
.=6M LEFT-TAIL ;M "<AT "R">
.=6U TURN$ ;M
.=8M TURN$ ;M1 "R LEG
;N
.=N L[]CASE ;N
.== LEFT-TAIL ;N "<AT LEFT">
.=$ 5G
.=4N "R-TAIL ;N
.=9N SMALL CAPITAL ;N
O
.=O L[]CASE O
.=&P BULL'S EYE
.=0O B>R$ O
.=\ SLA%$ O
.=.? !TA
.=[ L[]CASE O-;E LIGATURE
.=9[ SMALL CAPITAL O-;E LIGATURE
.=< OP5 O
;P
.=P L[]CASE ;P
.=P"' ;P APO/ROPHE
.=.F PHI
#AJJ 3SONANTS & V[ELS ;M-;P A#DG
;Q
.=Q L[]CASE ;Q
;R
.=R L[]CASE ;R
.=6R FI%-HOOK ;R
.=8# TURN$ L;G-LEG ;R
.=4R "R-TAIL ;R
.=# TURN$ ;R
.=4# TURN$ ;R1 "R TAIL
.=9R SMALL CAPITAL ;R
.=9# 9V]T$ SMALL CAPITAL ;R
;S
.=S L[]CASE ;S
.=S@8 ;S W$GE
.=S"' ;S APO/ROPHE
.=4S "R-TAIL ;S "<AT LEFT">
.=: E%
;T
.=T L[]CASE ;T
-------------------------------------#DH
.=T"' ;T APO/ROPHE
.=4T "R-TAIL ;T
.=T"S ;T-;S LIGATURE
.=T": ;T-E% LIGATURE
#AJA 3SONANTS & V[ELS ;Q-;T #DH
.=T"8C ;T-CURLY-TAIL-;C LIGATURE
;U
.=U L[]CASE ;U
.=0U B>R$ ;U
.=( UPSILON
.=.G GAMMA
.=6O RAM'S HORNS
;V
.=V L[]CASE ;V
.=6V "R-HOOK ;V
.=8V SCRIPT ;V
.=+ TURN$ ;V "<C>ET">
;W
.=W L[]CASE ;W
.=6W TURN$ ;W
;X
.=X L[]CASE ;X
.=.& *I
;Y
.=Y L[]CASE ;Y
.=8Y TURN$ ;Y
.=9Y SMALL CAPITAL ;Y
;Z
.=Z L[]CASE ;Z
#AJB 3SONANTS & V[ELS ;U-;Z A#DH
.=Z@8 ;Z W$GE
.=8Z CURLY-TAIL ;Z
.=4Z "R-TAIL ;Z
.=! EZH
.=;8
.=2 GLOTTAL /OP
.=82 B>R$ GLOTTAL /OP
.=62 REV]S$ GLOTTAL /OP
.=92 B>R$ REV]S$ GLOTTAL /OP
.=&
.=&? PIPE
.=&: D\BLE-B>R$ PIPE
.=&L D\BLE PIPE
.=&T EXCLAMA;N PO9T
#AJC 3SONANTS & V[ELS ;Z-.=& B#DH
-------------------------------------#DI
,NON-COMB9+ ,MODIFI]S &
,O!R ,SYMBOLS
,! FOLL[+ LI/ COMPRISES ALL ( ! NON-
COMB9+ MODIFI]S PRES5T$ 9 ? PUBLICA;N1
AL;G ) _! ,,IPA ,BRL EQUIVAL5TS4 ,2C ^!
>E NON-ALPHABETIC SYMBOLS1 NO CLE>
ALPHABETIC ORD]+ IS POSSIBLE4 ,!Y H BE5
GR\P$ BY FUNC;N & VISUAL APPE>.E4
,L5G? & ,/RESS
.=3 L5G? M>K
.="1 HALF-L5G? M>K
.=_B V]TICAL /ROKE "<SUP]IOR">
.=_2 V]TICAL /ROKE "<9F]IOR">
,PHRAS+ ,SYMBOLS
.=_\ V]TICAL L9E
.=_= D\BLE V]TICAL L9E
.=_L BOTTOM TIE B>
#AJD NON-COMB4 MOD4 & O!RS #DI
,>R[S
.=_O "RW>D >R[
.=_! D[N >R[
.=_$ UP >R[
.=_D UPW>D DIAGONAL >R[
.=_0 D[NW>D DIAGONAL >R[
,T"O ,LRS
.=_@C EXTRA-HI< T"O B>
.=_C HI< T"O B>
.=_3 MID T"O B>
.=_- L[ T"O B>
.=_,- EXTRA-L[ T"O B>
.=_/ RIS+ T"O B>
.=_* FALL+ T"O B>
.=_I HI<-RIS+ T"O B>
.=_9 L[-RIS+ T"O B>
.=_4 RIS+-FALL+ T"O B>
,PUNCTUA;N-,L ,SYMBOLS
.=1 COMMA
.=- HYPH5 "<DA%">
.=' P]IOD
#AJE NON-COMB4 MOD4 & O!RS A#DI
.=^/ SLA%
.=^( LEFT SQU>E BRACKET
.=^) "R SQU>E BRACKET
-------------------------------------#EJ
,COMB9+ ,DIACRITICS
,! FOLL[+ LI/ 3SI/S ( ALL ( ! COMB9+
DIACRITICS ILLU/RAT$ 9 ? PUBLICA;N4
,S9CE MO/ ( ^! >E NON-ALPHABETIC
SYMBOLS1 !Y H BE5 GR\P$ Z TO _! G5]AL
POSI;N ) RESPECT TO A BASE GLYPH4 ,PL1SE
NOTE T ! EXAMPLE GIV5 9 ! "R-H& COLUMN
IS = ILLU/RATIVE PURPOSES ONLY1 S9CE A
GIV5 DIACRITIC MAY COMB9E ) A WIDE RANGE
( BASE GLYPHS O!R ?AN ! "O DEPICT$ 9 !
EXAMPLE4
,COMB9+ ,DIACRITICS ,ABV
.=@.G SUP]SCRIPT GAMMA T@.G
.=@H SUP]SCRIPT ;H T@H
.=@J SUP]SCRIPT ;J T@J
.=@L SUP]SCRIPT ;L T@L
.=@N SUP]SCRIPT ;N D@N
#AJF ,COMB9+ ,DIACRITICS #EJ
.=@W SUP]SCRIPT ;W E@W
.=@62 SUP]SCRIPT REV]S$ GLOTTAL /OP E@62
.=@/ ACUTE A35T ABV E@/
.=@,/ D\BLE ACUTE A35T ABV E@,/
.=@C MACRON ABV E@C
.=@I MACRON-ACUTE ABV E@I
.=@* GRAVE A35T ABV E@*
.=@9 GRAVE-MACRON ABV E@9
.=@4 GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE ABV E@4
.=@,* D\BLE GRAVE A35T ABV E@,*
.=@% CIRCUMFLEX ABV E@%
.=@8 W$GE ABV E@8
.=@( BREVE ABV E@(
.=@3 UMLAUT ABV E@3
.=@] TILDE ABV E@]
.=@X OV]-CROSS ABV E@X
.=@D CORN] ABV T@D
.=@$ R+ ABV G@$
,TIES & ,COMB9+ SAME-LEVEL
DIACRITICS
.="' APO/ROPHE T"'
.="] SUP]IMPOS$ TILDE T"]
.="R "R HOOK E"R
#AJG ,COMB9+ ,DIACRITICS A#EJ
.=" TOP TIE B> K"P
-------------------------------------#EA
,COMB9+ ,DIACRITICS ,2L
.=,3 UMLAUT 2L B,3
.=,] TILDE 2L E,]
.=,2 V]TICAL L9E 2L M,2
.=,$ R+ 2L B,$
.=,[ LEFT HALF-R+ 2L O,[
.=,O "R HALF-R+ 2L E,O
.=,) >* 2L N,)
.=,8 W$GE 2L T,8
.=,& S1GULL 2L T,&
.=,? BRIDGE 2L T,?
.=,6? 9V]T$ BRIDGE 2L T,6?
.=,7 SQU>E 2L R,7
.=,+ PLUS 2L O,+
.=,- M9US 2L E,-
.=,: ADVANC+ SIGN 2L E,:
.=,S RETRACT+ SIGN 2L E,S
.=,> RAIS+ SIGN 2L E,>
.=,< L[]+ SIGN 2L E,<
,,! ,,5D
#AJH ,COMB9+ ,DIACRITICS #EA