There are two Nemeth translators built into MegaDots 2.3: MegaMath and Baby Nemeth. You can select either one. Use the style sheet Nemeth for MegaMath or Babynem for Baby Nemeth. MegaMath is more automatic, Baby Nemeth is much more manual.
MegaDots has several new features designed to assist you in producing a book in Nemeth Code. These features assist you in getting the correct translation and format. They are:
Be aware that you will have to enter the mathematical sequences yourself. This means you need to know the basics of Nemeth Code in order to produce a book in Nemeth Code. If you want to avoid learning about Nemeth Code, wait for our full translator in early 1997.
To enter Nemeth sequences, enter the text in the way you feel comfortable (full keyboard or Perkins 6-key keyboard). Mark the Nemeth sequence in a block and press Control-T X. This sets the block to exact translation. This ensures that the entire block is not modified by the MegaDots translators at all. You can press F5 all you want, and the material marked as exact translation is unchanged.
The Nemeth sequences in this document are rendered in
exact translation and are enclosed in braces. Do not type the braces. For
example, the Nemeth for "y = 2sin x" is written as {y .k #2sin
x}. In Nemeth, the equal sign is space, dots 4-6, dots 1-3, space.
To really learn Nemeth Code, you need a copy of the Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation, which is available in both inkprint and braille copies from:
If you are producing chemistry material, there is a supplement called Chemistry in Braille, 1991, which is available in inkprint from:
The Nemeth style sheet is a direct copy of the Textbook style sheet with some exceptions. The styles Exercise and Directions are modified according to the rules of Nemeth Code.
In Nemeth Code, directions start in cell 5, and run over to cell 3. In Nemeth code, exercises (called "non-spatial itemized material" in the code book) begin in cell 1 and run over to cell 3. Any subordinate items (levels 2 or above in MegaDots lingo) begin in cell 5 and run over to cell 3.
There are also two new styles in the Nemeth style sheet: Displayed mat. (displayed material) and Spatial mat. (spatial material).
Here is a list of math symbols with their Nemeth Code equivalent. It is based on how mathematical symbols are verbalized. If you do not know the names of the mathematical symbols you want to braille, this guide will not be of much use.
See also start modified expression,
modified expression, below, and terminate
modified expression; contrast with superscript. To
modify the expression xxx to place yy above it, enter
{"xxx<yy]} (the dot 5 is the multipurpose indicator,
showing a modified expression. The dots 1-2-6 shows that the following
material is above. The dots 1-2-4-5-6 is the termination sign, showing
that the modified expression is over.
The first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, entered as
{,,a}. Notice the ambiguity with a double capitalized word
starting with the letter "a".
Greek letter a, entered as Alt-G a for lower case or
Alt-G A for upper case. In braille, the lower case alpha is
{.a} and the upper case alpha is {.,a}
You can show many different alphabets with Nemeth
Code. Here is the list: English letter (Roman letter) {;},
German letter {_}, Greek letter {.}, Hebrew
letter {,,}, and Russian letter {@@}.
The Nemeth Code book has these alphabets all printed
out. This may be useful if you need a handy chart. If you know the names
of the different letters, you can look things up in our main index. To
write the Greek letter pi (a Greek p), just write {.p} The
order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Entered as {_&}
Entered in exact translation as: {$[},
for example angle ABC is written as {$[,a,b,c}.
Units of measurement shown in inkprint as a capital A
with a hollow dot above it, entered as {@,a}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {'}.
Just use an apostrophe outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$'}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$a}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {33}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$[o}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$[33o}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{$<[o}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{$<[33o}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$%o}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$%33o}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$[33}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$33o}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$7o}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$<o}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{$<33o}
The MegaDots translator can render simple, linear
arithmetic problems into proper braille. The trick is representing the
"times" symbol (which looks like an x) and the "divided by" symbol (which
looks like a hyphen with dots above and below). To allow data entry, use
\x (backslash x) for times, and \-: (backslash hyphen colon) for the
divided by symbol (in a sense it is a hyphen jammed into a colon). Also
use \? for an omission sign. To write "10 divided by 2 = ?? just enter
10\-:2=\? in the standard mode (not as exact translation).
MegaDots will render this as {#10./2 .k =} (divided by
becomes dots 4-6 dots 3-4, the omission sign becomes a full cell). See
also MegaDots translation.
Spatial format of arithmetic problems is more difficult. Make extensive use of the blank character symbol (entered as Control-B). This symbol is an unbreakable space in the final braille. Use it to position equations so they line up in the braille output. See spatial format.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@#}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@a}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_*}
An inkprint diagonal line from the upper left to the
lower right, entered as {_*}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:@%:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:@+:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:@%.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:@+.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:@:@:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:.1}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:_"k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:"k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:@%}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:@+}
Looks like a backwards stretched c (or a sideways u
with the opening to the left). Entered in Exact Translation as:
{:_.1}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:@:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@:@::}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.1:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_"k:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.%:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"k:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@%:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@+:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_.1:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@::}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.+:}
This symbol takes you back to the baseline from a
subscript and superscript without needing a space. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {"}. See also subscript and
superscript.
Indicates the end of a superscript or subscript. Most
inkprint signs share a common vertical reference; signs appearing above or
below this baseline are interpreted as superscripts or subscripts. You go
back to the baseline with a space, multipurpose indicator, or punctuation
indicator. The multipurpose indicator is also used to start modified
expressions. It is entered as {"}. To write "x cubed", enter
{x^3} (the space takes you back to the baseline. To write "x
cubed plus 2 x squared" enter {x^3"+2x^2} (since there is no
space before the plus sign, you need the dot 5 multipurpose indicator to
take you back to the baseline)
Looks like three dots, 2 above one dot. Entered in
Exact Translation as: {@/}
Precedes material that will be printed directly under
other material, entered as the directly-under indicator {%}
within a modified expression. See also start modified
expression, above, and terminate modified
expression; contrast with subscript.
The second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, entered as
{,,b}.
Greek letter b, entered as Alt-G b for lower case or
Alt-G B for upper case. In braille, the lower case beta is
{.b} and the upper case beta is {.,b}
A binomial is a mathematical expression shown as one
quantity written above another quantity, enclosed within enlarged
parenthesis. Use an open parenthesis, then the top element, then
{%}, then the lower element, then a closed parenthesis.
Bold face is a typefont indicator. It is used for
inkprint letters that are thicker and darker than normal. Enter as
{_). For example, Enter a bold face capital x as:
{_;,x}. The order for indicators is: typefont indicator,
alphabet indicator, capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
See note under Chemistry. A double
horizontal bar connecting portions of a chemical structure. Enter as
{_7]}. For example, if the inkprint shows C=C, enter as
{,c_7],c}.
See note under Chemistry. A double
vertical bar connecting portions of a chemical structure. Enter as
{__}. Be careful with spatial arrangments. Use Spacing same
style and the control-B blank character to line things up in MegaDots.
See note under Chemistry. A single
horizontal bar connecting portions of a chemical structure. Enter as
{_3]}. For example, if the inkprint shows H-O, enter as
{,h_3],o}.
See note under Chemistry. A vertical bar
connecting portions of a chemical structure. Enter as {_}. Be
careful with spatial arrangments. Use Spacing same style and the control-B
blank character to line things up in MegaDots.
See note under Chemistry. A triple
horizontal bar connecting portions of a chemical structure. Enter as
{_=]}.
See note under Chemistry. A triple
vertical bar connecting portions of a chemical structure. Enter as
{___}. Be careful with spatial arrangments. Use Spacing same
style and the control-B blank character to line things up in MegaDots.
Symbol of enclosure that looks like this: {xxx}. They
are also known as curly brace; open and close braces are
entered with {.(} and {.)}.
Looks like {xx. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{.(}
Looks like {xx (only bigger). Entered in Exact
Translation as: {.,(}
Looks like xx}. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{.)}
Looks like xx} (only bigger). Entered in Exact
Translation as: {.,)}
Looks like [xx]. Symbol of enclosure, also known as
square bracket; open and close brackets are entered with {@(}
and {@)}.
Looks like [xx. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_@(}
Looks like xx]. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_@)}
Looks like [xx (only bigger). Entered in Exact
Translation as: {@,(}
Looks like xx] (only bigger). Entered in Exact
Translation as: {@,)}
Looks like <xx. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{..(}
Looks like [xx. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{@(}
Looks like xx>. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{..)}
Looks like xx]. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{@)}
Often a fraction is shown with different factors
crossed off on both the numerator and the denominator. This is
cancellation. To show that something is cancelled start with
{[} and end with {]}. For example, to show "xyz
with y and z with individual slashes, enter {x[y][z]}.
Capitalization is done the same in Nemeth Code as in
standard braille. It is entered in Exact Translation as: {,}.
If there are other symbols modifying a letter (German letter, etc.), the
capitalization indicator goes next to the letter. The order for indicators
is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator, capitalization indicator,
followed by letter. In a math expression, avoid using the double
capitalization sign (two dot 6's). Instead use the single capitalization
marker for each letter. Example: triangle ABC is written as {$t
,a,b,c}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,,}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_<}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k<_<]}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{":<_<]}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k%_<]}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{":%_<]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_%}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k<_%]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {;<}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k<;<]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {;%}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k<;%]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@c}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@>}
Chemistry is barely mentioned in the Nemeth Code Book. If you are producing chemistry material, there is a supplement called Chemistry in Braille, 1991, which is available from the National Braille Association. The address is at the top of this document under Data Entry.
Chi is a Greek letter. Entered as Alt-G c for lower
case or Alt-G C for upper case. In braille, the lower case chi is
{.&} and the upper case chi is {.,&}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$c}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_<}
Looks like xx}. Entered as {.)}. See
brace.
Looks like xx]. Entered as {@)}. See
bracket.
Entered as {)}. See
parenthesis.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_3}.
Just use a colon outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation.
Just use a comma outside of exact translation. If you have to use exact translation, you probably have a mathematical comma. See comma, mathematical and MegaDots translation.
A mathematical comma is used Entered in Exact
Translation as: {,}. Just use a comma outside of exact
translation. See MegaDots translation.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {[}
A fraction of a fraction. Show the start, middle and
end of a complex fraction with {,?}, {,/}, and
{,#}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,#}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,?}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,/}
Looks like a stretched letter c (or a sideways u wi
the opening to the right). Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_"k}
Looks like a stretched backwards letter c (or a
sideways u with the opening to the left). Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_.1}
Looks like a centered x. Entered in Exact Translation
as: {@*}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@$}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@h}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@.l}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@,r}
The symbol which looks like a number sign. Entered in
Exact Translation as: {.#}
An index of radical value of three, shown in inkprint
as an elevated 3 followed by the inkprint radical sign, entered as
{<3>}. See also terminate cube root.
A superscript of 3, entered as any character followed
by {^3}. Compare with superscript and
squared.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {__]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {--}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {----}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers or decimal points. The translator will handle
it appropriately. See MegaDots translation. If a number
occurs inside of exact translation, use the numeric indicator if the
number comes after a space, new paragraph, or a punctuation. See
numeric indicator. A decimal point in Exact Translation as:
{.}
A hollow dot in the superscript position. You can
enter this inside or outside of exact translation. Inside of exact
translation, write 90 degrees as entered as {#90^.*}. Outside
of exact translation, just type 90 Alt-plus sign d (Alt-plus sign d
selects a degree sign from the punctuation menu.
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k<.*]}
Looks like an upside down triangle. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {.$}
Looks like a bold upside down triangle. Entered in
Exact Translation as: {_.$}
Greek letter d, entered as Alt-G d for lower case or
Alt-G D for upper case. In braille, the lower case delta is
{.d} and the upper case delta is {.,d}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_/}
See numeral and numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {<}.
To modify the expression xxx to place yy above it, enter
{"xxx<yy]} (the dot 5 is the multipurpose indicator,
showing a modified expression. The dots 1-2-6 shows that the following
material is above. The dots 1-2-4-5-6 is the termination sign, showing
that the modified expression is over. See also start modified
expression, modified expression, below,
and terminate modified expression; contrast with
superscript.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {%}.
Precedes material that will be printed directly under other material,
entered as the directly-under indicator {%} within a modified
expression. To modify the expression xxx to place yy below it, enter
{"xxx%yy]} (the dot 5 is the multipurpose indicator, showing
a modified expression. The dots 1-4-6 shows that the following material is
below. The dots 1-2-4-5-6 is the termination sign, showing that the
modified expression is over. See also start modified
expression and terminate modified expression; contrast
with subscript.
Looks like a double quote symbol. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {,'}
The symbol looks like a hyphen with a dots above and a
dot below. It is the symbol used in arithmetic to show division, enter in
Exact Translation as: {./}. Outside of exact translation,
enter as backslash hyphen colon. \-: See also arithmetic.
See divided by.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@s}
A centered dot which often represents multiplication,
entered as {*}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {*}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k%*<*]}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k<*]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {":%*]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"@:%*]}
Two angled strokes, entered as {''}. See
also prime.
Two wavy horizontal lines stacked vertically, entered
as {@:@:}. Often means approximately equal to.
Compare with tilde.
These are beyond the scope of this guide. If you are producing chemistry material, there is a supplement called Chemistry in Braille, 1991, which is available from the National Braille Association. The address is at the top of this document under Data Entry.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@e}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$e}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {'''}
Looks like zero with a slash through it. Entered in
Exact Translation as: {@_0}
Follows the denominator material and implies a return
to the vertical position before the fraction. Entered as {#}
when preceded by start fraction indicator and fraction line. See also
complex and hypercomplex.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_;}.
The order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_;,}.
The order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Letters are the same as Nemeth Code as in standard
braille. In standard braille, dots 5-6 is called the letter
sign. The letter sign is used to show that something is
uncontracted. For example, "letter sign b" means just a b, not the word
"but". In Nemeth Code, dots 5-6 plays a similar role, but goes by the name
of the English Letter Sign. The English letter sign is used
in places where you need a letter sign in regular braille. Also use it
when letters are shown in a different typefont. For example
AX (AX in boldface) is {_;,a_;,x} (dots 4-5-6
for boldface, then the English letter sign, then the capitalization sign,
then the letter). The order for indicators is: typefont indicator,
alphabet indicator, capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
The rules for the use and non-use of the English letter sign are actually quite complex. See the Nemeth Code book for the full story.
Greek letter e, entered as Alt-G e for lower case or
Alt-G E for upper case. In braille, the lower case elsolon is
{.e} and the upper case epsilon is {.,e}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{ .k }. As with all symbols of comparison, leave a
space on either side of it. But leave out the space near a grouping symbol
(parenthesis, braces or brackets), or any punctuation which applies to the
sign of comparison. See also arithmetic.
An equals sign below a sign of comparison, entered by
placing {.k} after a sign of comparison.
An equals sign above a sign of comparison. Entered as
placing {.k} before a sign of comparison.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k@+:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k@%:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k@%.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k@+.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k@:@:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k.1}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k_"k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k"k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k@%}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k@+}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k_.1}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.k@:}
An equals sign below a sign of comparison, entered by
placing {.k} after a sign of comparison.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@:@:.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.1.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_"k.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.%.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@%.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@+.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_.1.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@:.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.+.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{@<,<}
Eta is a Greek letter. It is entered as Alt-G h for
lower case or Alt-G H for upper case. In braille, the lower case eta is
{.:} and the upper case eta is {.,:}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_6}.
Just use an exclamation mark outside of exact translation. See
MegaDots translation. If the exclamation follows a number or
is used in a mathematical context, it might be a factorial. See
factorial.
Looks like a backwards uppercase e. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {@=}
An exponent is the power that something is raised to.
It is written as a superscript. For example, x with an exponent of 5 is
written as x with a superscript of 5. In Nemeth Code, use dots 4-5 to show
a superscript. To come back from the baseline, use either a space or a dot
5. To write "x to the exponent of 5", enter {x^5}. To write
"x squared plus y squared", enter {x^2"+y^2}. See also
superscript and baseline.
Looks like an exclamation mark. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {&}. For example "6 factorial" is entered
{#6&}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {'}.
Just use an single quote outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation.
Looks like an upside down uppercase A. Entered in
Exact Translation as: {@&}
Looks like a backwards uppercase E followed by a
vertical line. Entered in Exact Translation as: {@=\}
Looks like a backwards uppercase E. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {@=}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {#}
To write the fraction 1/5, enter as
{?1/5#} (in other words, write the fraction in exact
translation the way that is natural using the ASCII keyboard, use the "th"
sign to start a fraction, the "st" sign for the fraction bar, and the
"ble" sign to end the fraction.
Because of the ambiguity involved, you cannot use contractions inside a fraction. So if you need to inclose the word "distance" in the fraction, you need to write the word in grade one.
Indicates end of numerator material and beginning of
denominator material. Shown in inkprint as a horizontal line slightly
longer than the longest sign in numerator or denominator. Entered as
{/} when preceded by start fraction indicator and followed by
end fraction indicator. See also complex and
hypercomplex.
Examples of function names are "sin" and "cos". Do not contract a function name. Always leave a space after a function name.
Greek letter g, entered as Alt-G g for lower case or
Alt-G G for upper case. In braille, the lower case gamma is
{.g} and the upper case gamma is {.,g}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_}. The
order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_,}.
The order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Looks like upside down triangle. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {.$}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.1}. As
with all symbols of comparison, leave a space on either side of it. But
leave out the space near a grouping symbol (parenthesis, braces or
brackets), or any punctuation which applies to the sign of comparison.
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{.1".k""k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.1""k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.1@.1]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.}. The
order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.,}.
The order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@;(}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@;)}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@^(}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@^)}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,,}.
The order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,,a}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,,b}
A centered small circle, entered as {.*}.
Also see degree.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.*}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:}
A horizontal bar below a sign of comparison, entered
by placing {:} after a sign of comparison.
A horizontal bar above a sign of comparison. Entered
as {:} before a sign of comparison.
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_7]}
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_3]}
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_g]}
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_=]}
A fraction of a fraction of a fraction. See
complex fraction. Entered as {,,?},
{,,/}, and {,,#}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,,?}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,,/}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {-}
Looks like 3 horizontal lines (equal sign with extra
horizontal stroke). Entered in Exact Translation as: {_l}
Looks like 3 horizontal lines (equal sign with extra
horizontal stroke). Entered in Exact Translation as: {_l}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {''}.
Just use two single quotes outside of exact translation. See
MegaDots translation.
Looks like a stretched letter c (or a sideways u wi
the opening to the right). Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_"k}
Precedes the value defining which mathematical root is
being extracted from a radical. Shown in inkprint as an elevated value
followed by the inkprint radical sign, entered as {<}. See
cube root and terminate radical.
Looks like a sideways number 8. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {,=}
A radical inside a radical, entered by
{.} placed before one of the following: {>},
{]}, or {<}.
An infinite sum represented by a tall, thin, stylized
S; entered by {!}. To write "the integral from 0
to 1 of x squared dx" enter {!;0^1 x^2 dx}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {!@$c]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {!@,=]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {!@$r]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {!@$4]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {!!}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"!%:]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {!!!}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{"!<:]}
Looks like a large upside down u. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {.%}
Greek letter i, entered as Alt-G i for lower case or
Alt-G I for upper case. In braille, the lower case iota is
{.i} and the upper case iota is {.,i}.
Looks like a slash followed by three dots: 1 dot above
2 dots. Entered in Exact Translation as: {/,*}
Italics is a typefont indicator. It is used for
inkprint letters that are placed on a slant. Enter a italics capital x as
{.;,x}. The order for indicators is: typefont indicator,
alphabet indicator, capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Greek letter k, entered as Alt-G k for lower case or
Alt-G K for upper case. In braille, the lower case kappa is
{.k} and the upper case kappa is {.,k}.
Obsolete Greek letter entered as {.q}.
Greek letter l, entered as Alt-G l for lower case or
Alt-G L for upper case. In braille, the lower case lambda is
{.l} and the upper case lambda is {.,l}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@.l}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.1@.1]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {[}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"k.k}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"k}. As
with all symbols of comparison, leave a space on either side of it. But
leave out the space near a grouping symbol (parenthesis, braces or
brackets), or any punctuation which applies to the sign of comparison.
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{"k".k".1}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"k".1}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"k@"k]}
Letters are the same as Nemeth Code as in standard
braille. In standard braille, dots 5-6 is called the letter
sign. The letter sign is used to show that something is
uncontracted. For example, "letter sign b" means just a b, not the word
"but". In Nemeth Code, dots 5-6 plays a similar role, but goes by the name
of the English Letter Sign. The English letter sign is used
in places where you need a letter sign in regular braille. Also use it
when letters are shown in a different typefont. For example
AX (AX in boldface) is {_;,a_;,x} (dots 4-5-6
for boldface, then the English letter sign, then the capitalization sign,
then the letter). The order for indicators is: typefont indicator,
alphabet indicator, capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
The rules for the use and non-use of the English letter sign are actually quite complex. See the Nemeth Code book for the full story.
Linear format means you are writing out the mathematics as a single stream. Contrast with spatial format which tries to give a sense of the inkprint layout of fractions or arithmetic problems. Linear format is easy to do in MegaDots. Convert the mathematics into a verbal stream. Then apply the symbols in that order.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@%}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@+}
Written as lim or limit with an underbar. Entered in
Exact Translation as: {%lim} or {%limit}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {:}
With MegaDots, all Nemeth sequences need to be entered in exact translation. You can enter the sequences in the inkprint mode, then mark the sequences in a block, and then enter Control-T X. Or you may prefer to first type Control-X to start a block, then enter the sequence, and then enter Control-T X. MegaDots allows both approaches.
When the Translation Standard in your document is set to M for Math (Nemeth), then MegaDots properly handles numbers, punctuation, and parenthesis that are outside of the exact translation. In addition, the regular translator knows how to handle simple arithmetic problems. See arithmetic.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@e}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@5}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {-}. See
also arithmetic.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {-+}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_-}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_-"_+}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_-"+}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {-"_+}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {-"+}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {'}.
Just use an single quote outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation.
A modified expression is a math symbol with something above it or below it (or both) To write a modified expression (with something above and below), start with a dot 5, followed by the modified symbol, followed by the "sh" sign, followed by the stuff below, followed by the "ar" sign, followed by the stuff above followed by the "er" sign. The dot 5 tells the reader that the expression is being modified, the "sh" is the "directly under", the "ar" is the "directly over", and the "er" is the termination to show that the whole expression is finished. The "er" sign is also used to terminate a square root. See modified expression, start, modified expression, terminate, directly over and directly under.
To write "the summation from n equals 1 to 50 of the
fraction 1 over 2 to the nth power end fraction" enter as follows:
{".,s%n .k #1>#50] ?1/2^n"#} (the {.,s} is
the summation sign).
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {]}
Greek letter m, entered as Alt-G m for lower case or
Alt-G M for upper case. In braille, the lower case mu is {.m}
and the upper case mu is {.,m}.
If the symbol looks like a centered x or cross, enter
in Exact Translation as: {@*}. Outside of exact translation,
enter as backslash x. See arithmetic.
If the symbol looks like a centered dot, enter in
Exact Translation as: {*}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"}.
Used in to contexts: to take you back to the baseline or to start a
modified expression. See baseline and modified
expression.
Looks like upside down triangle. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {.$}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {/$l}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {/$p}
Greek letter n, entered as Alt-G n for lower case or
Alt-G N for upper case. In braille, the lower case nu is {.n}
and the upper case nu is {.,n}.
Numbers are done as Nemeth numbers, or
dropped a-j. The numeric indicator {#} is used after a space
or the beginning of a new line, or after a punctuation mark.
The complete rules for the use and non-use of the numeric indicator are actually quite complex. They boil down to this: the same symbols are used for digits as punctuation. In places where numbers might be confused with punctuation, use a numeric indicator.
While MegaDots does not have a full Nemeth translator,
it does know how to translate numbers in Nemeth Code. See MegaDots
translation. If the number is isolated or part of an arithmetic
problem, you can leave it outside of exact translation. If numbers are not
written inside of exact translation, then MegaDots uses the rules built
into the Math braille standard to render them into braille.
While not perfect, this does a satisfactory job. For example, if "2+2 = 4"
appears in the text, just leave it alone. MegaDots will properly translate
this into {#2+2 .k #4}. See arithmetic.
If the number is part of something more complex, enter
it in exact translation. For example, to enter x cubed, type
{x^3}. Remember to use the numeric indicator if the number is
right after a space or punctuation.
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about the numeric indicator. The translator will use it
appropriately. If a number occurs inside of exact translation, use the
numeric indicator if the number comes after a space, new paragraph, or a
punctuation. Entered in Exact Translation as: {.#}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers. The translator will handle it appropriately.
See MegaDots translation. If a number occurs inside of exact
translation, use the numeric indicator if the number comes after a space,
new paragraph, or a punctuation. See numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {0}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers. The translator will handle it appropriately.
See MegaDots translation. If a number occurs inside of exact
translation, use the numeric indicator if the number comes after a space,
new paragraph, or a punctuation. See numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {1}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers. The translator will handle it appropriately.
See MegaDots translation. If a number occurs inside of exact
translation, use the numeric indicator if the number comes after a space,
new paragraph, or a punctuation. See numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {2}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers. The translator will handle it appropriately.
See MegaDots translation. If a number occurs inside of exact
translation, use the numeric indicator if the number comes after a space,
new paragraph, or a punctuation. See numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {3}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers. The translator will handle it appropriately.
See MegaDots translation. If a number occurs inside of exact
translation, use the numeric indicator if the number comes after a space,
new paragraph, or a punctuation. See numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {4}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers. The translator will handle it appropriately.
See MegaDots translation. If a number occurs inside of exact
translation, use the numeric indicator if the number comes after a space,
new paragraph, or a punctuation. See numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {5}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers. The translator will handle it appropriately.
See MegaDots translation. If a number occurs inside of exact
translation, use the numeric indicator if the number comes after a space,
new paragraph, or a punctuation. See numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {6}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers. The translator will handle it appropriately.
See MegaDots translation. If a number occurs inside of exact
translation, use the numeric indicator if the number comes after a space,
new paragraph, or a punctuation. See numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {7}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers. The translator will handle it appropriately.
See MegaDots translation. If a number occurs inside of exact
translation, use the numeric indicator if the number comes after a space,
new paragraph, or a punctuation. See numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {8}
If you have a number outside of exact translation
(i.e. an isolated number or part of an arithmetic problem), you do not
have to worry about numbers. The translator will handle it appropriately.
See MegaDots translation. If a number occurs inside of exact
translation, use the numeric indicator if the number comes after a space,
new paragraph, or a punctuation. See numeric indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {9}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_#}
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_//}
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_**}
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_/}
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_*}
A Greek letter. It is entered as Alt-G w for lower
case or Alt-G W for upper case. In braille, the lower case omega is
{.w} and the upper case omega is {.,w}.
Greek letter o, entered as Alt-G o for lower case or
Alt-G O for upper case. In braille, the lower case omicron is
{.o} and the upper case omicron is {.,o}.
Often represented in inkprint as a question mark.
Entered as {=} in exact translation. Outside of exact
translation, enter as backslash question mark. See MegaDots
translation.
Looks like {xx. Entered as {.(}. See
brace.
Looks like [xx. Entered as {@(}. See
bracket.
Entered as {(}. See
parenthesis.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {?}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$e}
A horizontal bar placed over a character, entered by
placing {:} after a character. For example, x with overbar is
entered by {x:}. To put an overbar over more than one
character, use a modified expression. For example "xyz with overbar" is
entered as {"xyz:]} see also modified
expression and terminate overbar expression.
An inkprint sign like an uppercase P with two parallel
vertical strokes, entered as {@,p}.
Two parallel vertical lines, entered as
{$l}.
Open and close parenthesis are entered with
{(} and {)}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,(}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,)}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@d}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@0}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_4}.
Just use a period outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation.
Inkprint sign like upside down uppercase T, entered as
{$p}.
A Greek letter. It is entered as Alt-G f for lower
case or Alt-G F for upper case. In braille, the lower case phi is
{.f} and the upper case phi is {.,f}. There is
an alternate form of phi which is entered in Exact Translation as:
{.@f}.
Greek letter p, entered as Alt-G p for lower case or
Alt-G P for upper case. In braille, the lower case pi is {.p}
and the upper case omicron is {.,p}. Pi often represents the
quantity 3.14159...
Entered in Exact Translation as: {+}. See
also arithmetic.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {+-}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_+}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_+"_-}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_+"-}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {+"_-}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {+"-}
The decimal point, entered as {.}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.#}
An inkprint symbol used to represent English currency,
entered as {@l}.
An angled stroke; often used to represent minutes or
feet, entered as {'}. See also double prime.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {''}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {'''}
An inkprint symbol consisting of an enlarged capital
pi, entered as {.,p}. Some symbols, such as the product
sign have math symbols above and below them. In Nemeth Code
terminology, the product sign is modified by having something
directly-over and something directly-under.
To write a modified expression, start with a dot 5, followed by the modified symbol, followed by the "sh" sign, followed by the stuff below, followed by the "ar" sign, followed by the stuff above followed by the "er" sign. The dot 5 tells the reader that the expression is being modified, the "sh" is the "directly under", the "ar" is the "directly over", and the "er" is the termination to show that the whole expression is finished. The "er" sign is also used to terminate a square root.
To write "the product from n equals 2 to 10 of the
fraction 1 over 2 to the nth power end fraction" enter as follows:
{".,p%n .k #2>#10] ?1/2^n"#} (the {.,p} is
the product sign).
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.-}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {;2}
A Greek letter. It is entered as Alt-G y for lower
case or Alt-G Y for upper case. In braille, the lower case psi is
{.y} and the upper case psi is {.,y}.
The braille for punctuation is the same as in standard
grade two braille. The major problem is that the same symbols are used for
digits. The digit 1 could be confused with comma, the digit 2 could be
confused with semi-colon, the digit 3 could be confused with colon, the
digit 4 could be confused with period, the digit 6 could be confused with
exclamation, and the digit 8 could be confused with question mark. To
remove ambiguity, the punctuation indicator (dots 4-5-6) {_}
is used before punctuation to show that it is indeed a punctuation mark.
Parenthesis is done differently in Nemeth. Use the "of" sign for open parenthesis, and the "with" sign for close parenthesis.
If punctuation are not written inside of exact translation, then MegaDots uses the rules built into the Math braille standard to render them into braille. While not perfect, this does a satisfactory job. For example, if a period after a sentence does not get a punctuation indicator, but a period after a number does get one. The MegaDots translator also gets parenthesis right. See MegaDots translation.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_8}.
Just use a question mark outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation. If the question mark shows a missing answer, this is
an omission sign. See omission sign.
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k<_8]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_0}.
Just use a quote outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_0'}.
Just use a quote outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_8}.
Just use a quote outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_,8}.
Just use a quote outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation.
An inkprint mathematical symbol that shows a mathematical root. See square root of, terminate square root, cube root of, terminate cube root, index of radical, of, and terminate radical.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {.}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {..}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {...}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"1}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$r}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@]}
Looks like a backwards stretched c (or a sideways u
with the opening to the left). Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_.1}
Greek letter r, entered as Alt-G r for lower case or
Alt-G R for upper case. In braille, the lower case rho is
{.r} and the upper case rho is {.,r}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$o}
See English Letter sign.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@@}.
The order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
An obsolete Greek letter, entered as
{.c}.
Sanserif is a typefont indicator. The sanserif
indicator is {,.}. Enter a sanserif capital x as:
{,.;,x}. The order for indicators is: typefont indicator,
alphabet indicator, capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@;}.
The order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@;,}.
The order for indicators is: typefont indicator, alphabet indicator,
capitalization indicator, followed by letter.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {''}.
Just use an two single quote outside of exact translation. See
MegaDots translation.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@,s}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@,s@,s}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_2}.
Just use a semicolon outside of exact translation. See MegaDots
translation.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$}
Greek letter s, entered as Alt-G s for lower case or
Alt-G S for upper case. In braille, the lower case sigma is
{.s} and the upper case sigma is {.,s}. There is
an alternative form of sigma which is entered in Exact Translation as:
{.@s}.
Looks like three dots, 2 above one dot. Entered in
Exact Translation as: {@/}
An inkprint diagonal line from the lower left to the
upper right, entered as {_/}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {"k@"k]}
Spatial format uses the layout to show the rough layout of fractions or arithemetic problems. Contrast with linear format. Spatial arrangements are difficult to do in MegaDots. You need to know exactly what you are aiming for. You can set the style for Left flush, and then type in arithmetic problems roughly how they look in inkprint. Do not use spaces. Instead, type Control-B. This is a MegaDots command called "the blank character". It is an unyielding space.
When you translate into braille, insert or delete these blank characters until the columns are aligned (by digits, decimal points, or by commas), space the symbol of operation away from the number. Use a row of hyphens for the horizontal bar. The horizontal bar should be longer by one character in each direction than the other material. See the Nemeth Code Book for examples of spatial arrangements.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$4}
Square roots are easy. Use the "ar" sign to start a
square root, and the "er" sign to end a square root. To write the square
root of 16, enter {>#16]} To write the square root of 16,
enter {>#16]} To write the "square root of x squared plus
y squared" enter {>x^2"+y^2"]} (Notice that you need to
come back to the baseline before ending the square root.)
Because of the ambiguity involved, you cannot use contractions inside a square root. So if you need to inclose the word "area" in the square root symbol, you need to write the word in grade one.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$_4}
A superscript of 2, entered as any character followed
by {^2}. Compare with superscript and
cubed.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$s}
Precedes the numerator of a fraction. Material up to
the fraction line is the numerator, shown above the fraction
line; numerator and denominator are centered horizontally relative to the
fraction line. Entered as {?} followed by fraction line and
end fraction indicator. See also fraction line, end
fraction, complex, and hypercomplex.
Indicates the beginning of some material which has
other signs printed above and/or below it, entered as {"}.
See also above, below, terminate overbar
expression, terminate underbar expression, and
terminate modified expression.
A subscript is something just below the baseline. To
write the formula for water (H 2 O), the 2 is a subscript. In Nemeth Code,
use dots 5-6 to show a subscript. To come back from the baseline, use
either a space or a dot 5. We would expect to write the formula for water
as {,h;2",o}, but it would be wrong. If a subscript is
entirely a number does not need the subscript mark or the dot 5 after it.
The correct Nemeth Code is {,h2,o}. The reader, seeing a
number placed against the letter knows that there is a subscript. See also
baseline.
Begins a subscript of a subscript, an expression which
is written below the subscript level, entered as {;;}. For
example, to write "q sub x sub a baseline plus 1" (the a is a subscript to
x, the x is a subscript to q) enter {q;x;;a"+1}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {;;}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {;;;}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {;;^}
Begins a superscript of a subscript, an expression
which is written above the subscript level, entered as {;^}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {;^}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {;^;}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {;^^}
Looks like a stretched letter c (or a sideways u wi
the opening to the right). Entered in Exact Translation as:
{_"k}
An inkprint symbol consisting of a capital sigma,
entered as {.,s}. Some symbols, such as the summation
sign have math symbols above and below them. In Nemeth Code
terminology, the summation sign is modified by having
something directly-over and something
directly-under.
To write a modified expression, start with a dot 5, followed by the modified symbol, followed by the "sh" sign, followed by the stuff below, followed by the "ar" sign, followed by the stuff above followed by the "er" sign. The dot 5 tells the reader that the expression is being modified, the "sh" is the "directly under", the "ar" is the "directly over", and the "er" is the termination to show that the whole expression is finished. The "er" sign is also used to terminate a square root.
To write "the summation from n equals 1 to 50 of the
fraction 1 over 2 to the nth power end fraction" enter as follows:
{".,s%n .k #1>#50] ?1/2^n"#} (the {.,s} is
the summation sign).
To show that two symbols are superimposed, first enter
the first symbol, then {@} then the second symbol, then the
termination symbol {]}. For example, an integral sign with a
superimposed rectangle is {!@$r]}.
A superscript is something just above the baseline. To
write "x squared", the 2 is a superscript. In Nemeth Code, use dots 4-5 to
show a superscript. To come back from the baseline, use either a space or
a dot 5. To write "x squared", enter {x^2}. To write "x
squared plus y squared", enter {x^2"+y^2}. See also
baseline.
Begins a subscript of a superscript, an expression
which is written below the superscript level, entered as
{^;}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {^;}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {^;;}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {^;^}
Begins a superscript of a superscript, an expression
which is written above the superscript level, entered as
{^^}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {^^}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {^^;}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {^^^}
Greek letter t, entered as Alt-G t for lower case or
Alt-G T for upper case. In braille, the lower case tau is
{.t} and the upper case tau is {.,t}.
The end of a cube root, entered as ] preceded by
{<3>}. See also cube root of.
The end of a modified expression, entered as the
{]} termination indicator.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {<:]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {%:]}
The end of a modified expression that has a horizontal
bar over it. Entered as {<:]} that is preceded by a
{"}. Also see start modified expression.
The end of a radical, entered as {]} preceded by
{>}, which in turn is preceded by {<}. See
also index of radical, and of.
The end of a square root, entered as {]}
preceded by {>}. See also square root of.
The end of a modified expression that has a horizontal
bar under it. Entered as {%:]} that is preceded by a
{"}. Also see start modified expression.
Looks like a backwards uppercase e. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {@=}
Looks like a backwards uppercase e followed by a
vertical bar. Entered in Exact Translation as: {@=\}
Looks like a backwards uppercase e followed by a
vertical bar. Entered in Exact Translation as: {@=\}
Looks like three dots, one above two dots. Entered in
Exact Translation as: {,*}
A Greek letter. It is entered as Alt-G j for lower
case or Alt-G J for upper case. In braille, the lower case theta is
{.?} and the upper case theta is {.,?}.
A wavy horizontal line, slightly longer than a dash,
entered as {@:}. Often used to mean similar; may modify a
sign of comparison.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@:"@:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@:@:}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {@,:}
If the symbol looks like a centered x or cross, enter
in Exact Translation as: {@*}. Outside of exact translation,
enter as backslash x. See arithmetic.
If the symbol looks like a centered dot, enter in
Exact Translation as: {*}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {$t}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k<$t]}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k%**<**]}
You can show several different typefonts in Nemeth code. See bold, italics, sanserif, and script.
See terminate underbar expression.
Looks like a large uppercase u. Entered in Exact
Translation as: {.+}
Looks like an upside down uppercase a. Entered in
Exact Translation as: {@&}
Often represented in inkprint as a question
mark.Entered as the general omission sign, entered as {=}.
Precedes an entire capitalized word. Uppercase lock is
ended with a space, number, or punctuation. Entered as {,,}.
See capitalization.
Written as lim or limit with an overbar. Entered in
Exact Translation as: {<lim} or {<limit}.
Greek letter u, entered as Alt-G u for lower case or
Alt-G U for upper case. In braille, the lower case upsilon is
{.u} and the upper case upsilon is {.,u}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_=}
Obsolete Greek letter, entered as {.v}.
Entered in Exact Translation as: {\}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {\"\}
Entered in Exact Translation as:
{".k<\]}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_\}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {\\}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {_\_\}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,,\,,\}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,\,\}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {\\"\\}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,,\}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {,\}
Entered in Exact Translation as: {\\\}
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{\}
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{\\}
A Chemistry symbol. Entered in Exact Translation as:
{\\\}
Greek letter x, entered as Alt-G x for lower case or
Alt-G X for upper case. In braille, the lower case xi is {.x}
and the upper case xi is {.,x}.
Greek letter z, entered as Alt-G z for lower case or
Alt-G Z for upper case. In braille, the lower case zeta is
{.z} and the upper case zeta is {.,z}.