,,BRL ,,CODE ,,=
,,*EMICAL ,,NOT,N
#AIIG
,DEVELOP$ ,"U ! ,SPONSOR%IP (!
,,BRL ,,AU?OR;Y ,,(
,,NOR? ,,AM]ICA
,PUBLI%$ BY
,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE =! ,BL
,L\ISVILLE1 ,K5TUCKY
,COPY"R #AIIG 0,,BANA
,? MAT]IAL MAY 2 DUPLICAT$
B N ALT]$4
,9 #C ,VOLUMES
,VOLUME #C
,BRL PAGES P#A-P#D & #AGI-BDJ
,PR9T PAGES #AAC-B#ADG P#A
,,3T5TS
,PAGE
#7 ,,SUP]SCRIPTS ,,& ,,SUBSCRIPTS #113
#7.1 ,SIMULTANE\S & ,NON-SIMUL-
TANE\S ,SUP]SCRIPTS & ,SUB-
SCRIPTS """"""""""""""""""""" #AAC
#7.2 ,ELECTRON ,*>GE """""""""""" #AAD
#7.3 ,ATOMIC ,NUMB]S & ,MASS
,NUMB]S """"""""""""""""""""" #AAF
#8 ,,"NS ,,( ,,*EMICAL ,,-P.DS """" #117
#8.1 ,PR9T ,=M """""""""""""""""" #117
#8.2 ,3TRAC;NS """""""""""""""""" #118
#8.3 ,DIVI.N ( ,"NS ( ,*EMICAL
,-P.DS """""""""""""""""""""" #119
#9 ,,A2REVI,NS ,,& ,,ACRONYMS """"" #121
#9.1 ,G5]AL ,RULES """""""""""""" #121
#9.2 ,PHYSICAL ,/ATES """"""""""" #123
#9.3 ,/&>D ,9T]N,NAL ,UNITS (
,M1SURE;T """"""""""""""""""" #123
#9.4 ,LRS ,REPRES5T+ ,*EMICAL
,GR\PS """""""""""""""""""""" #125
#9.5 ,LRS ,REPRES5T+ ,3C5TR,N (
,SOLU;NS """""""""""""""""""" #128
P#C #9.6 ,POMAN ,NUM]ALS ,COLL[$ BY
LRS """"""""""""""""""""""""" #130
,,9DEX ,,( ,,BRL ,,SYMBOLS ,,=
,,*EMICAL ,,NOT,N """"""""""""" #ACA
,,9DEX """""""""""""""""""""""""""" #141
,,BRL ,,CODE ,,= #AAC
,,*EMICAL ,,NOT,N
#7_4 ,,SUP]SCRIPTS ,,& ,,SUBSCRIPTS4
,! TRANSCRIP;N ( SUP]SCRIPTS & SUB-
SCRIPTS M/ 3=M 6! RULES (! ,NEME? ,CODE1
,RULE ,,XIII_4 ,ANY MAT]IAL C>RY+ A
SUP]SCRIPT OR SUBSCRIPT M/ 2 PUNCTUAT$
9 ! MA!MATICAL MODE4
#7.1 ..,SIMULTANE\S & ,NON-SIMULTAN-
E\S ,SUP]SCRIPTS & .,SUBSCRIPTS4 ,SIMUL-
TANE\S & NON-SIMULTANE\S SUBSCRIPT &
SUP]SCRIPT NOT,N M/ 2 PRES]V$ Z X HAS
SPECIAL SIGNIFIC.E 9 *EMI/RY4
,EXAMPLE #7.1-1_3 (SUBSCRIPT2 ELECTRON
*>GE Z SUP]SCRIPT1 NON-SIMULTANE\S)
#5,C2,O4"^2-"(AQ)
,EXAMPLE #7.1-2_3 (IN AN EQU,N)
#7--#7.1-2 #AGI .,D,H^.*";(REAC;N) A#AAC
.K .,S.,D,H;F(PRODUCTS)^.*
"-.,S.,D,H;F(REACTANTS)^.*
,EXAMPLE #7.1-3 (NON-SIMULTANE\S1 ) OR-
BITALS) (,SEE AL ,EAXAMLE #4.2.3-5_4)
.S;2;;S"^2, .P;2;;P"^4, .S;2;;P"^2
,EXAMPLE #7.1-4_3 (SIMULTANE\S1 )
ORBITALS)
.S;2;;S^@##2, .P;2;;P^@##2
------------------------------------#AAD
#7.2 .,ELECTRON .,*>GE4 ,DI6]5T
TEXTBOOKS USE DI6]5T ME?ODS 69DICATE
ELECTRON *>GE4 ,NO MATT] :AT ME?OD IS
US$ 9 PR9T1 ONLY "O ME?OD %D 2 US$ 9
BRL4 ,:E!R ! +_'S & -_'S >E REP1T$ 9 "O
R[1 APPE> 9 A COLUMN1 OR )A NUM]AL1 !Y
ALL H ! SAME M1N+4 ,9 BRL USE !
APPROPRIATE NUM]AL FOLL[$ 0! *>GE %[N4
,IF ONLY "O UNIT *>GE IS PRES5T1 D N BRL
#1, ONLY ! *>GE SYMBOL (SEE ,EXAMPLES
#7.2-1 & #7.2-2)_4 ,EXAMPLE #7.2-1_3 (NUMB] = PLUS A#AAD
GIV5 9 PR9T2 SUP]SCEIPT M9US UNNUMB]$)
,FE^2+"+2E^- $O ,FE
,EXAMPLE #7.2-2_3 (UNNUMB]$1 S+LE SUP]-
SCRIPTS)
,BR2+2E^- $O #2,BR^-
,EXAMPLE #7.2-3_3 (3 PLUS SIGNS 9 A R[)
#2,AL $O #2,AL^3+"+6$C_$-]
,EXAMPLE #7.2-4_3 (2 NEGATIVE SIGNS 9 A
R[)
,H,P,O4"^2-
,EXAMPLE #7.2-5_3 (,F/ EXAMPLE %[S #3
NEGATIVE SIGNS 9 A R[1 SECOND %[S #3
NEGATIVE SIGNS 9 A COLUMN2 ?IRD %[S !
NUMB] ( NEGATIVE SIGNS )A NUM]AL4 ,ALL
>E TRANTCRIB$ ALIKE4)
#7.1-3--#7.2-5 #AHA ,P,O4"^3- B#AAD
,EXAMPLE #7.2-6_3 (2 NEGATIVE SIGNS 9 A
COLUMN SUP]SCRIPT 6! P>5!SIS)
(,S,O4)^2-
------------------------------------#AAE
,EXAMPLE #7.2-7_3 (2 NEGATIVE SIGNS 9 A
COLUMN1 NON-SIMULTANE\S SUP]SCEIPTS)
,S,O4"^2-
,EXAMPLE #7.2-8_3 (V>IA# US$ ) NEGATIVE
SIGN)
(,SI,O3);N"^2N-
,EXAMPLE #7.2-9_3 (ELECTRON *>GES PR9T$
Z SUP]SCRIPTS2 OXID,N NUMB]S DIRECTLY
OV] ,,SYMBOLS)
+2 -#1
,MG^2+",BR2^-
,EXAMPLE #7.2-10_3 (ELECTRON *>GE 9 A SPATIAL >RANGE;T) A#AAE
,O
__
,C_3),O,P,O3"^2-
_
,C,H,O,H
_
^2-",O3,P,O,C,H2
,EXAMPLE #7.2-11_3 (SUP]SCRIPT APPLIES
6AN ELE;T)
?
?,O?^-
_
[O
_/ _**
[O [O
__ _
[O [O
_* _//
[O
#7.2-6--#7.2-11 #AHC ,EXAMPLE #7.2-12_3 (SUP]SCRIPT #AAF
APPLIES 65TIRE /RUCTURE2 TRANSCRIB]'S
GR\P+ SYMBOLS A4$)
,O ,')^-
__ ,')
[O ,')
_/ _* ,')
[O [O,')
__ __,')
[O [O,')
_* _/ ,')
[O ,')
__ ,')
,O ,')
,EXAMPLE #7.2-13_3 (SUP]SCRIPT APPLIES
65TIRE /RUCTURE2 TRANSCRIB]'S GR\P+
SYMBOLS A4$2 :AT APPE>S Z A BOLD DOT
IS US$ Z ! NORMAL ELECTRON DOT 9 ?
TEXT)
[ ,')^- A#AAF
[,O[ ,')
[ # [ ,')
[,O#,N:,O%,')
[ [ ,')
,EXAMPLE #7.2-14_3 (,SUP]SCRIPT APPLIES
65TIRE /RUCTURE)
@,( ,C,H3 @,)^+
@,( _ @,)
@,(,C,H3_3],N_3],C,H3@,)
@,( _ @,)
@,( ,C,H3 @,)
#7.3 ..,ATOMIC ,NUMB]S & ,MASS
.,NUMB]S4 ,ATOMIC NUMB]S & MASS NUMB]S
>E PR9T$ Z LEFT SUP]SCRIPTS & SUB-
SCRIPTS4 ,FOLL[ ! RULES (! ,NEME?
,CODE4
#7.2-12--#7.3 #AHE ,EXAMPLE #7.3-1_3 B#AAF
;99^254",ES+;2^4",HE
$O ;101^256",MD+2;0^1"N
#8 ,,"NS ,,( ,,*EMICAL ,,COM- #AAG
P.DS4 ,"NS ( *EMICAL -P.DS MAY 3TA9
UPP]- & L[]-CASE ,5GLI% LRS1 NON-,5GLI%
LRS1 NUM]ALS1 PUNCTU,N1 DI6]5T TYPE =MS1
SMALL UPP]-CASE LRS & O!R SYMBOLS4 ,9
PR9T1 NUMB]S AND_/OR LRS MAY 2 SEP>AT$
0-MAS ) NO SPACE FOLL[+ ! -MA4 ,FOLL[ !
PR9T1 B USE ! NUM]IC OR LR 9DICATOR 2F
EA* 8S+LE LR0 OR NUMB]4 ,! PR9T TYPE =M
9 "NS ( *EMICAL -P.DS M/ 2 DUPLICAT$ 9
BRL4
#8.1 .,PR9T .,=M3 ,X IS ESS5TIAL TO
FOLL[ ! PR9T EXACTLY4
,EXAMPLE #8.1-1_3
.;N-BUTYRAMIDE
,EXAMPLE #8.1-2_3
@",L-#1-,TOSYL-#2-PH5YLE?YL-
*LOROME?YLKET"O
#8--#8.1-2 #AHG ,EXAMPLE #8.1-3_3 A#AAG
,GUANOS9E #5'-DIPHOSPHATE-
#3'-DIPHOSPHATE
,EXAMPLE #8.1-4_3
#2,#4-DINITROB5ZOIC ACID
,EXAMPLE #8.1-5_3 (,F,H4 /&S =
TETRAHYDROFOLATE)
.;,N^5",.;,N^10"-ME?YL5E-,F,H4
,EXAMPLE #8.1-6_3
DI*LORODIAM9EPALLADIUM(,,II)
,EXAMPLE #8.1-7_3
.;,N-,ACETYL-@",D-GLUCOSAM9E
,EXAMPLE #8.1-8_3
.A-KETOGLUT>ATE ,EXAMPLE #8-1-9_3 #AAH
#3-*LORO-#2,#3-DIME?YLBUTANOIC ACID
,EXAMPLE #8.1-10_3
#5.A,#7.A-DIHYDROXY-
#11-KETOTETRANORPRO/ANE-
#1,#16-DIOIC ACID
,EXAMPLE #8.1-11_3
.;,N-ACETYLMURAMYL-P5TAPEPTIDE-
.B-(4 $O #1)-.;,N-ACETYLGLUCOSAM9E
#8.2 .,3TRAC;NS4 ,ALL 3TRAC;NS (
..,5GLI% ,BRL1 ,AM]ICAN .,EDI;N >E US$1
EXCEPT T C>E M/ 2 TAK5 N 63TRACT LRS :
OV]LAP PREFIXES1 SU6IXES1 SUB/ITU5TS1 OR
FUNC;NAL GR\PS4 ,USE ,NEME? ,CODE RULES
:5 3TRAC;NS >E 9 3TACT ) 9DICATORS &
SYMBOLS ( GR\P+1 -P>ISON1 & OP],N4
#8.1-3--#8.2 #AHI ,EXAMPLE #8.2-1_3 A#AAH
(DINITROPH5OL)
(DI-NITRO-PH5OL) (.DI IS A PREFIX M1N+
TWO S ! 8IN0 3TRAC;N _C 2 TAK52
.NITRO & .PH5OL >E FUNC;NAL GR\PS S
! 8EN0 9 PH5OL C 2 3TRACT$4)
,EXAMPLE #8.2-2_3
E?YL5EDIAM9ETITRAACETIC ACID
(E?YL-5E-DI-AM9E-TETRA-ACETIC ACID)
E?YL--SUB/ITU5T
5E--SU6IX M1N+ D\# BOND
DI--SECOND POSI;N
AM9E--SUB/ITU5T
TETRA--F\R? POSI;N
ACETIC ACID--SUB/ITU5T
,EXAMPLE #8.2-3_3 #AAI
.;,N-=MYLME?ION9E
(.;,N-=MYL-ME?ION-9E)
.;,N--PROTE9
=MYL--SUB/ITU5T
ME?ION--SUB/ITU5T
9E--SU6IX
#8.3 ..,DIVI.N ( ,"NS ( ,*EMICAL
.,-P.DS4 ,SITES =! DIVI;N ( "NS ( *EM-
ICAL -P.DS M/ 2 C>E;LLY *OS54 ,IF POSSI#
^! SITES %D 2 2T SUB/ITU5TS OR FUNC;NAL
GR\PS1 & NUMB]S OR LRS PREC$+ OR )9 !
"N M/ 2 ON ! SAME L9E Z ! FOLL[+ SUB/IT-
U5T4 ,9 ^! EXAMPLES1 A SLA% REPRES5TS
PREF]R$ RUNOV] SITES4
,EXAMPLE #8.3-1_3
#3A,#7A,#2A-TRIHYDROXYCOPRO/ANE
#3A,#7A,#2A-TRI_/HYDROXY_/COPRO_/STANE
#8.2-1--#8.3-1 #AIA ,EXAMPLE #8.3-2_3 A#AAI
#3,#5,#3'-TRIIODO?YRON9E
#3,#5,#3'-TRI_/IODO_/THYRO_/NINE
#9 .,A2REVI,NS .,,& .,ACRO- #ABJ-ABA
NYMS4 ,S+LE LRS & -B9,NS ( LRS US$ Z
8%ORTH&0 "NS ( *EMICAL MATT] >E -MON 9
*EMI/RY4 ,!Y MAY 3SI/ (A MIXTURE ( UPP]-
& L[]-CASE LRS1 SMALL CAPITAL LRS1
,GREEK LRS1 NUM]ALS1 SUP]SCRIPTS & SUB-
SCRIPTS4 ,DI6]5T TYPE =MS >E (T5 MIX$4
,ALL M/ 2 DUPLICAT$ 9 BRL4
#9.1 ,G5]AL ,RULES4
(1) ,CAPITALIZE & ITALICIZE LRS
9DIVIDU,Y4
(2) ,D N USE 3TRAC;NS4
(3) ,D N 3TRACT .TO1 .9TO1 & .BY4
(4) ,PUNCTUATE 9 MA!MATICAL MODE4
(5) ,SPACE Z 9 PR9T4
,EXAMPLE #9.1-1_3
ACYL-;,S-,CO,A
,EXAMPLE #9.1-2_3
,C,T,P
#9--#9.1-2 #AIC ,EXAMPLE #9.1-3_3 A#ABA
,D "1 ,N (DEXTROSE-NITROG5 RATIO)
,EXAMPLE #9.1-4_3
,R,NASE
,EXAMPLE #9.1-5_3
,R,N,ASE
,EXAMPLE #9.1-6_3
,F,M,N,H2
,EXAMPLE #9.1-7_3
T,R,N,A;,HIS
,EXAMPLE #9.1-8_3
,IG,M
,EXAMPLE #9.1-9_3 #ABB
#5'-,C^M",C,G,G
,EXAMPLE #9.1-10_3
.;T.;R.;P OP]ATOR
,EXAMPLE #9.1-11_3
,SER-,TYR-,SER-,MET-,GLU-,HIS-,PHE-
,ARG-,TRP-,GLY-,LYS-,PRO-,VAL-,GLY-
,LYS-,LYS-,ARG-,ARG-,PRO-,VAL;20
",LYS-,VAL-,TYR-,PRO-,ASP-,ALA-,GLY-
,GLU-,ASP-,GLN-,SER-,ALA-,GLU-,ALA-
,PHE-,PRO-,LEU-,GLU-,PHE;39
,EXAMPLE #9.1-12_3
.;,E_4 .COLI ,EXO ;,I
,EXAMPLE #9.1-13_3
.;T;.;,R1
#9.1-4--#9.1-13 #AIE ,EXAMPLE #9.1-14_3 A#ABB
,',ALL LRS >E CAPITALIZ$ 9 PR9T4,'
ATCAATTGATCATGCGTTCAAG"5'
,EXAMPLE #9.1-15_3 (ALL LRS V>IA#S)
H1T GA9$ OR LOST
.K (MASS 9 GRAMS)
(*ANGE 9 TEMP]ATURE)(SPECIFIC H1T)
Q .K (M)(.,D,T)(,C;P")
------------------------------------#ABC
#9.2 .,PHYSICAL .,/ATES4 ,! LRS REP-
RES5T+ ! PHYSICAL /ATE ( *EMICAL -P.DS
>E N 6BE 3SID]$ A2REVI,NS4 ,"S EXAMPLES
>E3
(L) LIQUID
(G) GAS
(C) OR (CR) CRY/ALL9E
(AQ) AQUE\S
(S) SOLID
,IF PR9T DOES N %[ ^! 9 P>5!SIS1 !Y M/ 2
SPAC$ F ! -P.D &! ,5GLI% LR 9DICATOR M/ 2 US$4 ,TYPE =M IS IGNOR$4 A#ABC
,EXAMPLE #9.2-1_3
#2,K(CR)+2,H2,O(L)
$O #2,K,O,H(AQ)+,H2(G)
,EXAMPLE #9.2-2_3
,H2,O(L) $O ,H2,O(S),
,EXAMPLE #9.2-3_3
,H2,O ;L $O ,H2,O ;S
#9.3 ..,/&>D ,9T]N,NAL ,UNITS ,(
.,M1SURE;T4 ,^! >E A2REVI,NS1 Z DEF9$ 0!
,NEME? ,CODE1 :5 !Y >E ASSOCIAT$ )A
NUM]AL OR V>IA# REPRES5T+ A NUM]AL4
,H["E" IF ^! UNITS !MSVS >E US$ Z V>IA-
#S1 !Y >E N 6BE TR1T$ Z A2REVI,NS4 ,BO?
A2REVI,NS & V>IA#S >E PUNCTUAT$ 9 !
MA!MATICAL MODE4 .,TO, .9TO & .BY _C 2
3TRACT$ & ATTA*$ 6AN A2REVI,N4
#9.1-14--#9.3 #AIG ,:5 TRANSCRIB+ DEGREES ( TEM- B#ABC
P]ATURE ! RULES (! ,NEME? ,CODE D N
APPLY 9 *EMI/RY4 ,! SPAC+ & LOC,N (!
A2REVI,NS &! DEGREE SIGN M/ FOLL[ !
PR9T4 ,IF ! DEGREE SIGN IS UNSPAC$ F !
A2REVI,N1 ! LR IS NO L;G] A 8S+LE LR0 Z
DEF9$ 0! ,NEME? ,CODE &! ,5GLI% LR
9DICATOR IS N US$4
------------------------------------#ABD
,EXAMPLE #9.3-1_3 (;G IS AN A2REVI,N)
#165 ;G
,EXAMPLE #9.3-2_3 (;G & CM >E V>IA#S)
G_/CM
,EXAMPLE #9.3-3_3 (;,R IS A 3/ANT1 O!R
LRS >E A2REVI,NS)
,R .K #8.31 DM^3 * K,PA_/MOL * ;,K
,EXAMPLE #9.3-4_3 (,GREEK LR 9 A#ABD
A2REVI,N2 PUNCTUAT$ 9 ! MA!MATICAL
MODE)
#5 .MG_/ML_4
,EXAMPLE #9.3-5_3 (THE ;,C IS A 8S+LE
LR0)
#10^.* ;,C
,EXAMPLE #9.3-6_3 (-PLETELY UNSPAC$ S "!
>E NO 8S+LE LRS0)
#20.0^.*",C
------------------------------------#ABE
,EXAMPLE #9.3-7_3 (DEGREE SIGN FOLL[S !
;,C, ;,C IS N A 8S+LE LR0)
#1.86,C^.*
#9.4 ..,LRS ,REPRES5T+ ,*EMICAL
.,GR\PS4 ,^! MAY APPE> 9 REGUL> OR
ITALIC TYPE :5 ASSOCIAT$ ) *EMICAL
#9.3--#9.4 #AII NOT,N4 ,! TYPE =M M/ 2 9DICAT$ A#ABE
9 BRL & PR9T SPAC+ M/ 2 FOLL[$4
,EXAMPLE #9.4-1_3 (;,R & ;,X REPRES5T
*EMICAL GR\PS)
,R,N,H2+,R,X
$O ,R2,N,H2"^+",X^-
,NA^+",O,H^-
$333333333333O ,R2,N,H+,NA^+",X
+,H2,O
,EXAMPLE #9.4-2_3 (;,K IS A 3/ANT2 ;,A &
;,B REPRES5T *EMICAL GR\PS)
,K
.K ?@(,H3,O^+"@)@(,A^-"@)
/@(,H,A@)@(,H2,O@)#
,K
.K ?@(,B,H^+"@)@(,O,H^-"@)
/@(,B@)@(,H2,O@)#
,EXAMPLE #9.4-3_3 (.;M REPRES5TS A *EMICAL GR\P) B#ABE
.;,M,O2
------------------------------------#ABF
,EXAMPLE #9.4-4_3 (;,R REPRES5TS REAC;N
RATE1 ;,T REPRES5TS TEMP]ATURE1 ;A
REPRES5TS ACTIV;Y & LN IS NATURAL
LOG>I?M)
.,D;R",G
.K .,D;R",G^.*
"+,R,TLN ?A;,N,H;;3
"/A;,N;;2^1_/2"A;,H;;2^3_/2"#
,EXAMPLE #9.4-5_3 (;G M1NS GAS2;A IS
ACTIV;Y)
?1/2#,N2(G, A;,N;;2")
+?3/2#,H2(G, A;,H;;2")
.K ,N,H3(G, A;,N,H;;3")
,EXAMPLE #9.4-6_3 (,OX--OXID,N1 ,R$--RE-
DUC;N1 ;,R--"R1 ;,L--LEFT)
#9.4.1--#9.4.6 #BJA A#ABF
,OX;,R"+,RED;,L .K ,RED;,R"+,OX;,L
------------------------------------#ABG
,EXAMPLE #9.4-7_3
(7) ?@(,S@)(@(,E;,T"@)-@(,E,S@))
/@(,E,S@)#
.K ?K;-1"+K;+2"/K;+1"#
.K ,K;,M
,! LUMP$ 3/ANT ,K;,M, : REPLACES !
T]M (K;-1"+K;+2")_/K;+1, IS CALL$ !
.,MI*AELIS-,M5T5 .3/ANT4
,EXAMPLE #9.4-8_3 (;,R REPRES5TS A FREE
RADICAL1 ;,M A MONOM]1 & ;K IS A
3/ANT4)
K;NP
,R;N"*+,M $3333O ,R;N+1"*
,EXAMPLE #9.4-9_3 (MIXTURE ( LRS &
A2REVI,NS)
,SUPPOSE A PIECE ( L1D )A MASS (
#14.9 ;G AT A TEMP]ATURE ( #92.5^.*",C IS DROPP$ 96AN 9SULAT$ 3TA9] ( A#ABG
WAT]4 ,! MASS ( WAT] IS #165 ;G & XS
TEMP]ATURE 2F A4+ ! L1D IS #20.0^.*",C_4
,:AT IS ! F9AL TEMP]ATURE (! SY/EM8
,C;P LEAD .K #0.1276 ;,J_/;G * ,C^.*
------------------------------------#ABH
#9.5 ..,LRS ,REPRES5T+ ,3C5TR,N ,(
.,SOLU;NS4 ,^! LRS M/ FOLL[ ! PR9T SPAC+
& TYPE =M4
.;,M ,MOL>;Y (NUMB] ( MOLES ( SOLUTE 9
#1 DM^3 ( SOLU;N)
.;M MOLAL;Y (NUMB] ( MOLES (A SOLUTE
9 #1 KILOGRAM ( SOLV5T)
.;,N ,NORMAL;Y (EQUIVAL5T MASS (
SOLUTE P] LIT] ( SOLU;N)
.;,F ,=MAL;Y (NUMB] ( MOLES P] LIT] (
SOLU;N)
,EXAMPLE #9.5-1_3 (;,A REPRES5TS A
*EMICAL GR\P2 .;,F IS ,=MAL;Y2 ;,L IS
AN A2REVI,N)
#9.4-7--#9.5-1 #BJC ,=MAL;Y ( ,A A#ABH
.K .;,F;,A
.K ?,MOLES ;,A A4$ 6! SOLUTION
/,LITERS ( SOLUTION#
,= EXAMPLE1 WE C PREP>E #1.00 .;,F
,H,CL 0MIX+ WAT] ) #1 MOL ,H,CL UNTIL !
VOLUME IS #1 ;,L_4
,EXAMPLE #9.5-2_3 (.;,N IS NORMAL;Y2
.;,M IS MOL>;Y)
,S9CE "! IS ONLY "O PROTON P] MOLE-
CULE1 .;,N .K .;,M .K #0.150 .;,N_4
,EXAMPLE #9.5-3_3 (.;N IS NORMAL;Y1
UNSPAC$)
#30.0 M,L (A #4.00.;,N SOLU;N
,EXAMPLE #9.5-4_3 (.;,N IS NORMAL;Y1
SPAC$]
#0.1536 .;,N
,EXAMPLE #9.5-5_3 (.;M IS #ABI
MOLAL;Y1 UNSPAC$)
#1.;M SOLU;N
,EXAMPLE #9.5-6_3 (.;M IS MOLAL;Y2 ;,C
IS AN A2REVI,N2 ;,T IS A V>IA#2 ;,K IS
A 3/ANT)
,MOLALITY
.K ?.,D,T;B"/,K;B"#
.K ,?1.94 [^.*",C]
,/2.53 [^.*",C]_/.;M,#
.K #0.767 .;M
,EXAMPLE #9.5-7_3 (.;,M IS MOL>;Y1
UNSPAC$)
,CALCULATE ! @(,O,H^-"@) (A
#0.500.;,M SOLU;N ( AQUE\S AMMONIA4
,EXAMPLE #9.5-8_3 (.;,M IS MOL>;Y1
SPAC$)
#9.5-1--#9.5-8 #BJE ,AG,CL IS SOLU# 9 #15 .;,M A#ABI
AQUE\S AMMONIA1 ,N,H3_3 ,AG,I IS N
4SOV$ BY #15 .;,M AQUE\S AMMONIA1
,N,H3_4
,EXAMPLE #9.5-9_3 (.;M IS MOL>;Y)
#0.215-.;,M ,K,O,H SOLU;N
------------------------------------#ACJ
,EXAMPLE #9.5-10_2 (.;,N IS NORMAL;Y)
#0.100-.;N SOLU;N ( ,NA,O,H
,EXAMPLE #9.5-11_3 (.;,N IS NORMAL;Y1
.;,M IS MOL>;Y)
.;,N;,K,MN,O;;4 .K #5 .;,M;,K,MN,O;;4
#9.6 ..,ROMAN ,NUM]ALS ,FOLL[$ BY
.,LRS4 ,-B9,NS ( ? TYPE >E (T5 F.D 9
P]IODIC TA#S & 9 4CUS.NS (! P]IODIC TA#4
,EXAMPLE #9.6-1_3
,,III,A ,,9DEX ,,( ,,BRL #ACA
,,SYMBOLS ,,= ,,*EMICAL ,,NOT,N
,! ITEMS 9 ? 9DEX >E 8ALPHABETIZ$0 9
A3ORD.E )! LI/ (! #63 BRL SYMBOLS1
>RANG$ 9 _! /&>D ORD]1 & NUMB]$ AC 6_!
RANK 9 ! LI/4
,PAGE
#23 X DOTS #1346
X SMALL ;X ELECTRON DOT """""""""" #12
#26 & DOTS #12346
& PAIR ( ELECTRON DOTS3 "R OR
UPP] REGUL>1 LEFT OR L[] BOLD OR
HOLL[ """""""""""""""""""""""""" #12
#31 * DOTS #16
* *EMICAL P]IOD """""""""""""""""" #19
* S+LE1 REGUL> ELECTRON DOT """""" #12
#33 % DOTS #146
% PAIR ( ELECTRON DOTS3 "R OR UPP]
;X, LEFT OR L[] REGUL> """"""""" #12
#34 ? DOTS #1456
? PAIR ( REGUL> ELECTRON DOTS """" #12
#23-34 #BJG #35 : DOTS #156 A#ACA
: PAIR ( ELECTRON DOTS3 "R OR
UPP] BOLD OR HOLL[1 LEFT OR
L[] ;X """"""""""""""""""""""""" #13
------------------------------------#ACB
#36 $ DOTS #1246
$ PAIR ( ELCTRON DOTS3 "R OR UPP]
REGUL>1 LEFT OR L[] ;X """"""""" #13
$BC R+ /RUCTURE3 CIRCLE (BROK5
\TL9E) """"""""""""""""""""""""" #18
$B6 R+ /RUCTURE3 HEXAGON (BROK5
\TL9E) """"""""""""""""""""""""" #18
$C+ PLUS SIGN )9 A CIRCLE3 US$ Z A
MODIFI] """""""""""""""""""""""" #19
$C- M9US SIGN )9 A CIRCLE3 US$ Z A
MODIFI] """""""""""""""""""""""" #19
$< *EMICAL >R[3 UP-PO9T+ REGUL> "" #11
$<"% *EMICAL >R[3 REGUL> UP-PO9T+
FOLL[$ 0REGUL> D[N-PO9T+ """"""" #11
$<"_% *EMICAL >R[3 REGUL> UP-PO9T+
FOLL[$ 0BOLD D[N-PO9T+ """"""""" #11
$% *EMICAL >R[3 REGUL> D[N-PO9T+ #11
$[3+ *EMICAL >R[3 HORIZONTAL
DIPOLE1 LEFT-PO9T+ """"""""""""" #12
#36 (3T9U$) A#ACB
$+< *EMICAL >R[3 V]TICAL OR
OBLIQUE DIPOLE1 UP-PO9T+ """"""" #11
$+% *EMICAL >R[3 V]TICAL OR
OBLIQUE DIPOLE1 D[N-PO9T+ """""" #11
------------------------------------#ACC
$+3O *EMICAL >R[3 HORIZONTAL
DIPOLE1 "R-PO9T+ """"""""""""""" #12
$@<",% *EMICAL >R[3 HALF-B>B UP-
PO9T+ FOLL[$ 0HALF B>B D[N-
PO9T+ """""""""""""""""""""""""" #11
$_< *EMICAL >R[3 BOLD D[N-PO9T+ "" #11
$_<"% *EMICAL >R[3 BOLD UP-PO9T+
FOLL[$ 0REGUL> D[N-PO9T+ """"""" #11
$_% *EMICAL >R[3 BOLD D[N-PO9T+ "" #11
#37 ] DOTS #12456
] CLOS+ 9DICATOR =A *EMICAL BOND "" #1
] PAIR ( ELECTRON DOTS3 "R OR UPP]
BOLD OR HOLL[1 LEFT OR L[]
REGUL> """"""""""""""""""""""""" #12
#38 \ DOTS #1256
\ TRIPLET ( REGUL> ELECTRON DOTS
(?REE PAIRS) """"""""""""""""""" #13
#35-38 #BJI #39 [ DOTS #246 A#ACC
[ PAIR ( ELECTRON DOTS3 ;X_'S """" #12
[O V]TICES (ANY UNLABEL$ V]TEX) "" #18
------------------------------------#ACD
#51 / DOTS #34
/ S+LE ELECTRON DOT3 BOLD OR
HOLL[ """""""""""""""""""""""""" #12
/$[3O CROSS$ >R[ """"""""""""""""" #12
#53 # DOTS #3456
# PAIR ( ELECTRON DOTS3 BOLD OR
HOLL[ """""""""""""""""""""""""" #12
#N RUNOV] LOCATOR (;N REPRES5TS
AN UPP] NUMB] ASSIGN$ 0!
TRANSCRIB]) """"""""""""""""""""" #1
#54 > DOTS #345
> PAIR ( ELECTRON DOTS3 "R OR UPP]
;X, LEFT OR L[] BOLD OR HOLL[ "" #13
#57 @ DOT #4
@\ "PI;N L9E3 V]TICAL1 DOTT$ """"" #19
@\@\ "PI;N L9E3 D\# V]TICAL1 DOTT$ #19
@@\ "PI;N L9E3 V]TICAL1 JA7$ """"" #19
@", SMALL CAPITAL LR 9DICATOR """" #19
@.O CROSS$ ;,O """"""""""""""""""" #19
@;\, B>R$ CAPITAL LR 9DICATOR """" #19
#59 _ DOTS #456 A#ACD
_ OP5+ 9DICATOR =A HORIOZNTAL BOND #1
------------------------------------#ACE
_ V]TICAL S+LE BOND """""""""""""" #16
_E V]TICAL S+LE BOND3 JA7$ """"""" #16
_EI V]TICAL D\# BOND3 JA7$ """"""" #16
_EI] HORIZONTAL D\# BOND3 JA7$
(9CLUD+ 9DICATORS) """"""""""""" #14
_E] HORIZONTAL S+LE BOND3 JA7$
(9CLUD+ 9DICATORS) """"""""""""" #14
_G V]TICAL BOND3 BOLD """""""""""" #16
_G] HORIZONTAL BOND3 BOLD
(9CLUD+ 9DICATORS) """"""""""""" #14
_M W$GE1 V]TICAL OR OBLIQUE BOND3
D[N-PO9T+1 NORMAL \TL9E (9CLUD+
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #17
_O] W$GE1 HORIZONTAL BOND3 "R-
PO9T+1 NORMAL \TL9E (9CLUD+
9DICATORS """""""""""""""""""""" #18
LP W$GE1 V]TICAL OR OBLIQUE BOND3
D[N-PO9T+1 FILL$ 9 (9CLUD+
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #AG
_R] W$GE1 HORIZONTAL BOND3 "R-
PO9T+1 FILL$ 9 (9CLUD+
#39-59 #BAA #59 (3T9U$) A#ACE
9DICATORS """""""""""""""""""""" #18
_U W$GE1 V]TICAL OR OBLIQUE BOND3
UP-PO9T+1 NORMAL \TL9E """"""""" #17
_V W$GE1 V]TICAL OR OBLIGUE BOND3
UP-PO9T+1 FILL$ 9 """""""""""""" #17
_X V]TICAL BOND3 B>R$ """""""""""" #16
_XM W$GE1 V]TICAL OR OBLIGUE BOND3
D[N-PO9T+1 B>R$ """""""""""""""" #17
------------------------------------#ACF
_XU W$GE1 V]TICAL OR OBLIQUE BOND3
UP-PO9T+1 B>R$ """"""""""""""""" #17
_=] HORIZONTAL TRIPLE BOND (9CLUD+
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #14
_* OBLIQUE BOND3 UPP] LEFT 6L[]
"R """"""""""""""""""""""""""""" #15
_** OBLI(UE BOND3 UPP] LEFT 6L[]
"R1 D\# """""""""""""""""""""""" #15
_*< OBLIQUE >R[ BOND3 L[] "R 6UPP]
LEFT """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #15
_*% OBLIQUE >R[ BOND3 UPP] LEFT
6L[] "R """""""""""""""""""""""" #15
_< V]TICAL >R[ BOND3 UP-PO9T+ """" #16
_% V]TICAL >R[ BOND3 D[N-PO9T+ """ #16
_\O] W$GE1 HORIZONTAL BOND3 "R- #59 (3T9U$) A#ACF
PO9T+1 B>R$ (9CLUD+ 9DICATORS) #18
_\] HORIZONTAL BOND3 B>R$ (9CLUD+
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #14
_\[] W$GE1 HORIZONTAL BOND3 LEFT-
PO9T+1 B>R$ (9CLUD+ 9DICATORS) #18
_[] W$GE1 HORIZONTAL BOND3 LEFT-
PO9T+1 NORMAL \TL9E (9CLUD+
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #18
_[3] HORIZONTAL >R[ BOND3 LEFT-
PO9T+ (9CLUD+ 9DICATORS) """"""" #14
------------------------------------#ACG
_W] W$GE1 HORIZONTAL BOND3 LEFT-
PO9T+1 FILL$ 9 (9CLUD+
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #18
_X* OBLIQUE BOND3 UPP] LEFT 6L[]
"R1 B>R$ """"""""""""""""""""""" #15
_X/ OBLIQUE BOND3 L[] LEFT 6UPP]
"R1 B>R$ """"""""""""""""""""""" #15
_1 V]TICAL BOND3 DOTT$ """"""""""" #16
_1M W$GE1 V]TICAL OR OBLIQUE BOND3
D[N-PO9T+1 DOTT$ \TL9E """"""""" #17
_1O] W$GE1 HORIZONTAL BOND3 "R-
PO9T+1 DOTT$ \TL9E (9CLUD+
#59 (3T4) #BAC #59 (3T9U$) A#ACG
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""" #18
_1U W$GE1 V]TICAL OR OBLIQUE BOND3
UP-PO9T+1 DOTT$ \TL9E """""""""" #17
_1* OBLIQUE BOND3 UPP] LEFT 6L[]
"R1 DOTT$ """""""""""""""""""""" #15
_1] HORIZONTAL BOND3 DOTT$
(9CLU%+ 9DICATORS) """"""""""""" #14
_1[] W$GE1 HORIZONTAL BOND3 LEFT-
PO9T+1 DOTT$ (9CLUD+ 9DICATORS) #18
_1/ OBLIQUE BOND3 L[] LEFT 6UPP]
"R1 DOTT$ """""""""""""""""""""" #15
_2 V]TICAL BOND3 BROK5 """"""""""" #16
_2M W$GE1 V]TICAL OR OBLIQUE BOND3
D[N-PO9T+1 DA%$ \TL9E """""""""" #17
------------------------------------#ACH
_;O] W$GE1 HORIZONTAL BOND3 "R-
PO9T+1 DA%$ \TL9E (9CLUD+
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #18
_2U W$GE1 V]TICAL OR OBLIQUE BOND3
UP-PO9T+1 DA%$ \TL9E """"""""""" #17
_;* OBLIGUE BOND3 UPP] LEFT 6L[]
"R1 BROK5 """""""""""""""""""""" #15
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #14
_2[] W$GE1 HORIZONTAL BOND3 LEFT- #59 (3T9U$) A#ACH
PO9T+1 DA%$ \TL9E (9CLUD+
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #18
_2/ OBLIQUE BOND3 L[] LEFT 6UPP]
"R1 BROK5 """""""""""""""""""""" #15
_3O] HORIZONTAL >R[ BOND3 "R-PO9T+
(9CLUD+ 9DICATORS) """"""""""""" #14
_3] HORIZONTAL S+LE BOND (9CLUD+
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #14
_7] HORIZONTAL D\# BOND (9CLUD+
9DICATORS) """"""""""""""""""""" #14
_9 V]TICAL S+LE BOND3 WAVY """"""" #16
_9] HORIZONTAL S+LE BOND3 WAVY
(9CLUD+ 9DICATORS) """"""""""""" #14
_95 V]TICAL D\# BOND3 WAVY """"""" #16
_95] HORIZONTAL D\# BOND3 WAVY
(9CLUD+ 9DICATORS) """"""""""""" #14
_/ OBLIQUE BOND3 L[] LEFT 6UPP] "R #15
------------------------------------#ACI
_/< OBLIQUE1 >R[ BOND3 L[] LEFT
6UPP] "R """"""""""""""""""""""" #15
_/% OBLIQUE >R[ BOND3 UPP] "R 6L[]
LEFT """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #15
#95 (3T4) #BAE #59 (3T9U$) A#ACI
_// OBLIQUE D\# BOND3 L[] LEFT
6UPP] "R """"""""""""""""""""""" #15
__ V]TICAL D\# BOND """""""""""""" #16
___ V]TICAL TRIPLE BOND """""""""" #16
#60 " DOT #5
"5959 HORIZONTAL "PI;N L9E3 JA7$ #19
#61 . DOTS #46
. TRIPLET ELECTRON DOT 9DICATOR3 #13
(,US$ 63/RUCT ONLY ^? TRIPLETS
-POS$ ( O!R ?AN REGUL> ELECTRON
DOTS4) ,= EXAMPLE .%
,',THE PR9T %[S #3 V]TICAL
REGUL> DOTS FOLL[$ 0?REE VETICAL
X_'S )\T A SPACE4,'
.\ V]TICAL "PI;N L9E3 BROK5 """""" #19
,,9DEX #ADJ-ADA
;,A
A2REVI,NS1 #121-30
& 3TRAC;NS1 #121, #123
DUPLICAT$ LRS IN1 #109, #110
9CLUD+ ,ROMAN NUM]ALS1 #130
& LRS REPRES5T+ *EMICAL GR\PS1 #125-27
& LRS REPRES5T+ PHYSICAL /ATES1 #123
& LRS REPRES5T+ V>IA#S1 #123, #124
MIX$ ) LRS1 #127
REPRES5T+ 3C5TR,N ( SOLU;NS1 #128-30
REPRES5T+ UNITS ( M1SURE;T1 #123-25
,SEE AL LRS
ACRONYMS1 #121-22
AQUE\S /ATE1 LRS REPRES5T+1 #123
>R[ BONDS1 #14, #15, #16, #37-39, #136,
#138
>R[S4 ,SEE >R[ BONDS2 *EMICAL >R[S
A/]ISKS1 Z LABELS1 #87, #96-97
ATOMIC MASS NUMB]1 Z LEFT SUP]SCRIPT1
#133
ATOMIC NUMB]S1 Z LEFT SUP]SCRIPTS1 #116
;,B
,,BANA ,MA!MATICS ,TE*NICAL #BAG ,-MITTEE1 CRE,N (! ,*EMI/RY A#ADA
,CODE1 ;VII
B>BS4 ,SEE *EMICAL >R[S
B>R$ CAPITAL LR 9DICATOR1 #19, #134
B>R$ HORIZONTAL BONDS1 #14, #136
B>R$ OBLIQUE BONDS1 #15, #137
B>R$ V]TICAL BONDS1 #16, #135
B5Z5E R+S1 #67-68
,SEE AL R+ /RUCTURES
BOLD DOTS1 Z ELECTRON DOTS1 #12, #13,
#116, #131, #133, #134
BOLD HORIZONTAL BONDS1 #14, #135
BOLD TYPE =M1 #109, #111-12
BOLD V]TICAL BONDS1 #16, #135
BONDS1 #12-18, #135-39
>R[ BONDS1 #14, #15, #16, #37-39,
#136, #138
BOLD1 #14, #16, #135
BRACKET EXT5D+ "?1 #56
CLOS+ 9DICATOR1 #1, #133
DOTT$1 #14, #16, #49, #51, #137
ELECTRON DOTS1 #12-13, #40-45
=MATT+1 #46-70
HORIZONTAL, #1, #14, #45-48, #54, #57,
#69, #135-39 BONDS (3T9U$) B#ADA
LABELS TO1 #87-107
L;G BROK51 #50
OBLIQUE1 #15-17, #46, #87, #91,
#135-39
OP5+ 9DICATOR1 #1, #134
REP1T+ PATT]NS1 #69-70
SPURR$1 #76-78, #105
V]TICAL1 #16, #46, #48, #52-53, #60,
#69, #135-39
W1K1 #50
W$GES1 #17-18, #135-38
HORIZONTAL1 #18, #135-38
V]TICAL OR OBLIQUE1 #17, #135-37
,SEE AL HORIZONTAL BONDS2 OBLIQUE
BONDS2 V]TICAL BONDS
BRL 9DICATORS4 ,SEE AL 9DICATORS
BRL SYMBOLS = *EMICAL NOT,N1 9DEX (1
#131-39
BRAN*$ /RUCTURES1 RUNOV] LOCATORS1 #1,
#134
.BY 3TRAC;N1 ) A2REVI,NS & ACRONYMS1
#121, #123
#BAI ;,C C#ADA
,C.ELL,N
,*EMI/RY ,CODE V]SUS ,NEME? ,CODE1 ;IX
G5]AL =MAT1 #10
CAPITALIZ,N
B>R$ CAPITAL LR 9DICATOR1 #19, #134
( *EMICAL SIGNS & SYMBOLS1 #20
,*EMI/RY ,CODE V]SUS ,NEME? ,CODE1 ;IX
------------------------------------#ADB
SMALL CAPITAL LR 9DICATOR1 #19, #134
*A9S
ATTA*$ 6R+ /RUCTURE1 #107
LABELS & M>K]S1 #87-99
*EMICAL >R[S1 #11-12, #24-39, #132-33
>R[ BONDS1 #15, #16, #37-39, #136,
#138
CROSS$1 #12, #134
DIPOLE1 #11-12, #24, #33, #132-33
D[N-PO9T+1 #11, #26-29, #132-33
HORIZONTAL1 #12, #24-26, #132-33
L1D L9ES & L1D >R[S1 #30-33
MODIFIC,N (1 #33-36
OBLIQUE1 #11, #26, #132
UP-PO9T+1 #11, #26-29, #132-33
US$ Z -P>ISON SIGNS1 #27, #37 *EMICAL >R[S (3T9U$) A#ADB
V]TICAL1 #11, #26-29, #132-33
*EMICAL BONDS4 ,SEE BONDS
*EMICAL -P.DS1 "NS (1 #117-19
*EMICAL ELE;TS1 SYMBOLS =1 #20
*EMICAL EQU,NS1 #21-79
) *EMICAL ,,SYMBOL1 #109
GR\P+ SYMBOLS IN1 #6
ITALICS IN1 #109
L9E> ELE;TS IN1 #6
,NEME? NOT,N IN1 #73-74, #109
SPATIAL MAT]IAL IN1 #6
TYPE =MS IN1 #109-12
,SEE AL *EMICAL =MULAS
*EMICAL EXPRES.NS1 LABELS TO1 #81-85
*EMICAL =MULAS1 #21-79
*EMICAL >R[S1 #11-12, #24-39, #132-33
ELECTRON DOT1 #22, #40-45
EMPIRICAL1 #21
G5]AL1 #21
MOLECUL>1 #21
RUNOV] SITES1 #3
/RUCTURAL1 #21-22
,SEE AL *EMICAL EQU,NS
#BBA *EMICAL GR\PS1 LRS REPRES5T+1 B#ADB
#125-27
*EMICAL NOT,N1 9DEX ( BRL SYMBOLS =1
#131-39
*EMICAL P]IOD1 #19, #71, #131
*EMICAL SIGNS & SYMBOLS1 #11-20
BONDS1 #12-18
CAPITALIZ,N1 #20
*EMICAL >R[S1 #11-12, #24-39, #132-33
=! *EMICAL ELE;TS1 #20
MISCELLANE\S1 #19
PUNCTU,N1 #20
R+ /RUCTURES1 #18
SPAC+1 #20
*EMI/RY ,CODE
CRE,N (, ;VII
&! ,NEME? ,CODE1 ;IX
CIRCLES4 ,SEE R+ /RUCTURES
CLOCKWISE >R[1 ) V]TICAL BOND1 #69
CLOS$ FIGURES" 9 /RUCTURAL =MULAS1
#21-22
CLOS+ 9DICATOR1 = HORIZONTAL BONDS1 #1,
#133
COLOR$ ELECTRON DOTS1 #40
-MAS1 )\T SPACE FOLL[+1 #117 -P>ISON SIGNS1 >R[S US$ Z1 #27, C#ADB
#37
3C5TR,N ( SOLU;NS1 LRS REPRES5T+1
#128-30
3DI;NS1 #86
9 L9K$ EXPRES.NS1 #4
3GRU;E1 HORIZONTAL B>S 9DICAT+1 #69
3TRAC;NS
9 A2REVI,NS & ACRONYMS1 #121, #123
9 "NS ( *EMICAL -P.DS1 #118-19
USE ( ,NEME? ,CODE RULES ), #118-19
CROSS$ >R[S1 #12, #134
CROSS$ ;,O MODIFI]1 #19, #134
CRY/ALL9E /ATE1 LR(S) REPRES5T+1 #123
CYCLICAL /RUCTURES
=MATT+ BONDS IN2 #46
9 /RUCTURAL =MUALS1 #21-22
,SEE AL R+ /RUCTURES
;,D
DEGREES ( TEMP]ATURE1 #123-25
DIAGRAMS1 #76-78
DIPOLE >R[S1 #11-12, #24, #33, #132-33
DIREC;NAL >R[S1 F & 6OP],N >R[S1 #31
#BBC 4PLACE;T REAC,NS1 >R[S %[+1 #ADC
#32, #33
4PLAY$ EXPRES.NS
3TA9+ NO L9KS1 #4
9D5T,N (1 #46
SPATIAL1 #6, #7-8
DOTS
DENOT+ PROPOR;N1 #44-45
REPRES5T+ OMIS.NS1 #52
,SEE AL *EMICAL P]IOD2 ELECTRON DOTS
DOTT$ BONDS1 #14, #16, #49, #51, #137
D[N-PO9T+ >R[S1 #11, #26-29, #132-33
REPRES5T+ PRECIPIT,N1 #26
DUPLICATE LRS1 ( DI6]5T TYPE =MS1
#109-11
;,E
ELECTRO*EMICAL CELL NOT,N1 #79
ELECTROLYTIC NOT,N1 #79
ELECTRON *>GE1 9DICAT$ 0SUP]SCRIPTS1
#113-16
ELECTRON 4PLACE;T1 DIPOLE >R[ DENOT+1
#33
ELECTRON DOT BONDS1 #40-45
,SEE AL ELECTRON DOTS
ELECTRON DOT =MULAS1 #22-23 ELECTRON DOTS1 #9, #12-13, #86, A#ADC
#131-34, #139
BOLD1 #12, #13, #116, #131, #133, #134
COLOR$1 #40
DOTS DENOT+ PROPOR;N1 #44-45
HOLL[1 #12, #13, #131, #133, #134
PLACE;T (1 #40-44
9 R+ /RUCTURES1 #42
,SEE AL ELECTRON DOT BONDS
ELE;TS4 ,SEE *EMICAL ELE;TS
EMB$D$ SPATIAL MAT]IAL1 #6, #7
EMPIRICAL =MULAS1 #21
EQU,NS4 ,SEE *EMICAL EQU,NS
EQUILIBRAT+ >R[S1 #25
EXPLAN,NS1 9 L9K$ EXPRES.NS1 #4
EXT5D$ TILDE1 REPRES5T+ OMIS.N1 #55,
#58
;,F
FACTOR-LABEL -PUT,N1 #75-76
=MAL;Y1 LR REPRES5T+1 #128
=MATT+1 #3-10
*ANGES ( =MAT1 #81
4PLAY$ EXPRES.NS1 #4-8, #46
FACTOR-LABEL -PUT,N1 #75-76
FRAC;N -PUT,N1 #75-76 #BBE =MATT+ (3T9U$) B#ADC
HORIZONTAL1 V]TICAL1 & OBLIQUE BODDS1
#46-70
,SEE AL G5]AL =MAT
=MULAS4 ,SEE *EMICAL =MULAS
FRAC;N -PUT,N1 #75-76
FRAC;NS1 RUNOV] SITES1 #3, #75-76
;,G
GALVANIC CELL NOT,N1 #79
GASE\S /ATE1 LR REPRES5T+1 #123, #126
G5]AL =MAT1 #3-10
C.ELL,N1 #10
EXPRES.NS )\T L9KS1 #4
L9E> =MULAS1 #4
L9K$ EXPRES.NS1 #3-4
RUNOV] SITES1 #3
SPATIAL =MULAS1 #4-5
SPATIAL MAT]IAL1 #6-9
,SEE AL =MATT+
G5]AL =MULAS1 #21
,GREEK LRS
9 A2REVI,NS & ACRONYMS1 #121, #124
Z LABELS1 #87
GR\P+ SYMBOLS
9 *EMICAL EQU,NS1 #6 GR\P+ SYMBOLS (3T9U$) C#ADC
TRANSCRIB]'S GR\P+ SYMBOLS1 #6, #9,
#86, #116
..,GUIDEL9ES = ,MA!MATICAL .,DIAGRAMS1
#76
;,H
HALF-B>B >R[S1 #11
HEXAGONS4 ,SEE R+ /RUCTURES
HOLL[ DOTS1 Z ELECTRON DOTS1 #12, #13,
#131, #133, #134
HORIZONTAL >R[S1 #12, #24-26, #132-33
HORIZONTAL BONDS1 #14, #45-46, #135-39
B>R$1 #14, #136
BOLD1 #14, #135
CLOS+ 9DICATOR1 #1, #133
3/RUC;N (1 #1
------------------------------------#ADD
EXT5D$1 #47
=MATT+1 #46-48
HORIZONTAL B>S 9DICAT+ 3GRU;E1 #69
9DICAT+ PR9T TYPE (1 #46
9DICATORS1 #1
JA7$1 #14, #135
OP5+ 9DICATOR1 #1, #134
"? V]TICAL D\# BOND1 #57 #BBG HORIZONTAL BONDS (3T9U$) A#ADD
WAVY1 #54, #138
HORIZONTAL DIPOLE >R[S1 #12, #24, #33,
#132-33
HORIZONTAL W$GES1 #18, #135-38
;,I
ID5TIFI$ SPATIAL MAT]IAL1 #6
) ID5TIFI] 6! "R1 #59
9DEX ( BRL SYMBOLS = *EMICAL NOT,N1
#131-39
9DICATORS1 #1-2, #14, #18, #19
HORIZONTAL BONDS1 #1, #133, #134
MODIFI$-LR1 #19
PUNCTU,N (1 #2
RUNOV] LOCATORS1 #1, #134
SPAC+ (1 #1
.9TO 3TRAC;N1 ) A2REVI,NS & ACRONYMS1
#121, #123
ITALIC TYPE =M1 #109-12
ITALIC V>IA#S1 #109
;,J
JA7$ L9ES
Z HORIZONTAL BONDS1 #14, #135
Z SEP>ATORS1 #19, #72, #134, #139
Z V]TICAL BONDS1 #16, #53, #135 ;,L B#ADD
LABELS1 #81-107
A/]ISKS Z1 #87, #96-97
6BONDS1 #87-107
6*A9S1 #87-99
6*EMICAL EXPRES.NS1 #81-85
NUMB]S Z1 #87-92, #94, #100-104
REM>KS OR 3DI;NS1 #86
6R+ /RUCTURES1 #99-107
6SPATIAL MAT]IAL1 #82-83, #87
SUP]SCRIPTS & SUBSCRIPTS Z1 #87, #89,
#91, #98, #104
6,,SYMBOLS1 #87-88, #92-95, #99, #100
L1D >R[S1 #30-33
L1D L9ES1 #30-33
LRS
Z A2REVI,NS1 #121-30
Z ACRONYMS1 #121-22
BOLD TYPE =M1 #109, #111-12
Z 3/ANTS1 #124, #127
DUPLICATE1 ( DI6]5T TYPE =MS1 #109-11
FOLL[+ ,ROMAN NUM]ALS1 #130
,GREEK1 #87, #121, #124
ITALIC TYPE =M1 #109-12
REPRES5T+ *EMICAL GR\PS1 #125-27 #BBI LRS (3T9U$) C#ADD
REPRES5T+ 3C5TR,N ( SOLU;NS1 #128-30
REPRES5T+ =MAL;Y1 #128
REPRES5T+ MOLAL;Y1 #128-29
REPRES5T+ MOL>;Y1 #128-30
REPRES5T+ NORMAL;Y1 #128-30
REPRES5T+ PHYSICAL /ATES1 #123
REPRES5>+ V>IA#S1 #123, #124
SANS]IF TYPE1 #20
SCRIPT TYPE =M1 #109, #112
,SEE AL A2REVI,NS
,LEWIS ,ELECTRON ,DOT ,DIAGRAMS1 #22
L9E> =MULAS
LABELS TO1 #87
RUNOV]S (1 #4
L9ES (AS SEP>ATORS OR "PIT;NS), #19,
#71-73, #79, #134, #139
L9K$ EXPRES.NS1 G5]AL =MAT2 #3-4
LIQUID /ATE1 LR REPRES5T+1 #123
;,M
M>G9AL REM>KS1 #86
M>K]S1 #87
,SEE AL LABELS
MASS NUMB]S1 ATOMIC1 Z LEFT SUBSCRIPTS1
#116 MA!MATICAL EXPRES.NS D#ADD
ITALICS IN1 #109
TYPE =MS IN1 #109-12
M1SURE;T1 UNITS (1 A2REVI,NS REPRES5T+1
#123-25
------------------------------------#ADE
M9US SIGN
9DICAT+ ELECTRON *>GE1 #114-16
Z LABEL1 #93, #94
)9 A CIRCLE1 #19, #93, #132
MODIFIC,N ( *EMICAL >R[S1 #33-36
MODIFI$-LR 9DICATORS1 #19
MODIFI]S4 ,SEE SPATIAL MODIFI]S
MOLAL;Y1 LR REPRES5T+1 #128-29
MOL>;Y1 LR REPRES5T+1 #128-30
MOLECUL> =MULAS1 #21
;,N
"NS ( *EMICAL -P.DS1 #117-19
3TRAC;NS IN1 #118-19
DIVI.N (1 #119
PR9T =MS1 #117-18
N>RATIVE TEXT
DUPLICAT$ LRS IN1 #109, #110-11
SPATIAL MAT]IAL EMB$D$ IN1 #59
NEGATIVE SIGN4 ,SEE M9US SIGN #BCA ,NEME? ,CODE A#ADE
9 *EMICAL EQU,NS1 #73-74, #109
&! ,*EMI/RY CODE1 ;IX
= MA!MATICAL EXPRES.NS1 #109
USE (1 ) 3TRAC;NS1 #118-19
NON-SIMULTANE\S SUP]SCRIPTS & SUB-
SCRIPTS1 #113
NORMAL;Y1 LR REPRES5T+1 #128-30
NUMB]$ ATOMS1 #87
,SEE AL LABELS
NUMB]S1 Z LABELS1 #87-92, #94, #100-104
;,O
OBLIQUE >R[S1 #11, #26, #132
OBLIQUE BONDS1 #15-17, #46, #135-39
=MATT+1 #46
PLACE;T ( LABELS1 #87, #91
9 R+ /RUCTURES1 #46
OBLIQUE W$GES1 #17, #135-37
OMIS.NS
DOTS REPRES5T+1 #52
EXT5D$ TILDE REPRES5T+1 #55, #58
OP5+ 9DICATOR1 = HORIZONTAL BONDS1 #1,
#134
ORBITALS1 ) SUP]SCRIPTS & SUBSCRIPTS1
#113 OXID,N NUMB]S1 Z LABELS1 #92 B#ADE
;,P
P>5!TICAL EXPRES.NS1 RUNOV] SITES1 #3
"PI;NS1 #19, #71-73, #79, #134, #139
P]IOD4 ,SEE *EMICAL P]IOD
P]IODIC TA#S1 ,ROMAN NUM]ALS IN1 #130
PHYSICAL /ATES1 LRS REPRES5T+1 #123
PLUS SIGN
9DICAT+ ELECTRON *>GE1 #114-16
Z LABEL1 #93, #95
)9 A CIRCLE1 #19, #93, #132
POSITIVE SIGN4 ,SEE PLUS SIGN
PRECIPIT,N1 D[N-PO9T+ >R[S REPRES5T+1
#26, #27
PR9T =MS1 ( "NS ( *EMICAL -P.DS1
#117-18
PROPOR;N1 DOTS DENOT+1 #44-45
PUNCTU,N
( BRL 9DICATORS1 #2
( *EMICAL SIGNS1 SYMBOLS1 & ,,SYMBOLS1
#20
,*EMI/RY ,CODE V]SUS ,NEME? ,CODE1 ;IX
;,R
RATIO1 DOTS DENOT+1 #44-45
#BCC REM>KS1 #86 C#ADE
9 L9K$ EXPRES.NS1 #4
RESON.E >R[S1 #25
RESON.E /RUCTURES1 #25, #68
R+ /RUCTURES1 #18, #132
B5Z5E R+S1 #67-68
DRAW+ (1 #77, #105, #106
ELECTRON DOTS IN1 #42
=MATT+ BONDS IN1 #46
LABELS TO1 #99-107
) L;G *A9 ATTA*$1 #107
OBLIQUE BONDS IN1 #46
O4LY %AP$1 #105
9 /RUCTURAL =MULAS1 #21-22
,ROMAN NUM]ALS1 FOLL[$ 0LRS1 #130
RUNOV] LOCATORS1 #1, #134
9 R+ /RUCTURES1 #107
SPATIAL /RUCTURE REQUIR+1 #5
:5 UNNEC1 #4
,SEE AL RUNOV] SITES2 RUNOV]S
------------------------------------#ADF
RUNOV] SITES
,*EMI/RY ,CODE V]SUS ,NEME? ,CODE1 ;IX
= FRAC;NS1 #3, #75-76
G5]AL =MAT1 #3 RUNOV] SITES (3T9U$) A#ADF
= L9E> & SPATIAL =MULAS1 #4-5
= L9K$ EXPRES.NS1 #3-4
= "NS ( *EMICAL -P.DS1 #119
ORI5T,N (1 #1
PREF];E LI/ =1 #3
,SEE AL RUNOV] LOCATORS2 RUNOV]S
RUNOV]S
9 FACTOR-LABEL OR FRAC;N -PUT,N1
#75-76
L;G /RUCTURE REQUIR+1 #61-64
9 SPATIAL /RUCTURES1 #65-66
,SEE AL RUNOV] LOCATORS2 RUNOV$ SITES
;,S
SANS]IF TYPE1 9 TA#S & DIAGRAMS1 #20
SCRIPT TYPE =M1 #109, #112
SEP>ATORS1 #19, #71-73, #79, #134, #139
SIGN (T]M), Z DEF9$ 0! ,NEME? ,CODE1
#20
SIGNS4 ,SEE *EMICAL SIGNS & SYMBOLS
SIMULTANE\S SUP]SCRIPTS & SUBSCRIPTS1
#113
SMALL CAPITAL LR 9DICATOR1 #19, #134
SOLID /ATE1 LR REPRES5T+1 #123
#BCE SOLU;NS1 3C5TR,N (1 LRS REPRE- B#ADF
S5T+ #128-30
SPAC+
( BRL 9DICATORS1 #1
( *EMICAL SIGNS & SYMBOLS1 #20
SPATIAL =MULAS1 RUNOV]S (1 #4-5
SPATIAL MAT]IAL1 #6-9
>R[ BONDS )91 #37-39
9 *EMICAL EQU,NS1 #6
4PLAY$1 #6, #7-8
ELECTRON *>GE IN1 #115-16
EMB$D$ 9 N>RATIVE TEXT1 #6, #7, #59
HORIZONTAL BONDS )91 #45
ID5TIFI$1 #6
LABELS TO1 #82-83, #87
REQUIR+ RUNOV]S1 #60, #65-66
REQUIR+ TRANSCRIB]'S GR\P+ SYMBOLS1
#6, #9, #86, #116
SPATIAL MODIFI]S1 #19
,SPECIAL ,SYMBOLS PAGE
,*EMI/RY ,CODE V]SUS ,NEME? ,CODE1 ;IX
DENOT+ COLOR$ DOTS1 #40
SPURR$ BONDS1 #76-78, #105
/&>D 9T]N,NAL UNITS ( M1SURE;T1
A2REVI,NS REPRES5T+1 #123-25 /]OID R+S1 #106 C#ADF
,SEE AL R+ /RUCTURES
/RUCTURAL =MULAS1 #21-22
SUBSCRIPTS1 #56, #113-16
ATOMIC MASS NUMB]S Z1 #116
9 A2REVI,NS & ACRONYMS1 #121
Z LABELS1 #87, #98, #104
SIMULTANE\S & NON-SIMULTANE\S1 #113
SUB/ITU;N REAC;NS1 >R[S %[+1 #32
SUP]SCRIPTS1 #113-16
9 A2REVI,NS & ACRONYMS1 #121
ATOMIC NUMB]S Z1 #116
9DICAT+ ELECTRON *>GE1 #113-16
Z LABELS1 #87, #89, #91, #104
SIMULTANE\S & NON-SIMULTANE\S1 #113
SYMBOL (T]M)1 Z DEF9$ 0! ,NEME? ,CODE1
#20
SYMBOLS4 ,SEE *EMICAL SIGNS & SYMBOLS2
,,SYMBOLS
,,SYMBOLS
9 ! ,*EMI/RY ,CODE (T]M), #20
LABELS TO1 #87-88, #92-95, #99, #100
TYPE =MS1 #109
;,T
TEMP]ATURE1 DEGREES (1 #123-25 #BCG TEXT4 ,SEE N>RATIVE TEXT D#ADF
TILDE1 EXT5D$1 REPRES5T+ OMIS.N1 #55,
#58
.TO 3TRAC;N1 ) A2REVI,NS & ACRONYMS1
#121, #123
TRANSCRIB]'S GR\P+ SYMBOLS1 #6, #9, #86,
#116
------------------------------------#ADG
TRANSCRIB]'S NOTES
= *ANGES ( =MAT1 #81
= COLOR$ ELECTRON DOTS1 #40
EXAMPLE (1 #58
= ITALIC TYPE =M1 #112
= LABELS 9 EQU,N =M1 #83
= REP1T+ PATT]N1 #69
,TRANSCRIB]'S ,NOTES PAGE
,*EMI/RY ,CODE V]SUS ,NEME? ,CODE1 ;IX
MOV$ ID5TIFI] REQUIR+1 #59
TYPE =MS
9 A2REVI,NS & ACRONYMS1 #121
= LRS REPRES5T+ *EMICAL GR\PS1 #125
= LRS REPRES5T+ 3C5TR,N ( SOLU;NS1
#128
9 MA!MATICAL EXPRES.NS1 #109-12
;,U A#ADG
UNITS ( M1SURE;T1 A2R*VI,NS REPRES5T+1
#123-25
UP-PO9T+ >R[S1 #11, #26-29, #132-33
REPRES5T+ VAPORIZ,N1 #26
;,V
VAPORIZ,N1 UP-PO9T+ >R[S REPRES5T+1 #26,
#27
V>IA#S
ITALIC1 #109
LRS REPRES5T+1 #123, #124
V]TICAL >R[S1 #11, #26-29, #132-33
V]TICAL BONDS1 #16, #46, #135-39
B>R$1 #16, #135
BOLD1 #16, #135
) CLOCKWISE >R[1 #69
EXT5D$1 #48
=MATT+1 #46
JA7$1 #16, #53, #135
PLACE;T ( LABELS1 #87
W1VY1 #52, #60, #138
V]TICAL DIPOLE >R[S1 #11, #33, #132-33
V]TICAL L9ES1 Z SEP>ATORS OR "PI;NS1
#19, #73, #134, #139
V]TICAL W$GES1 #17, #135-37 #BCI V]TICES B#ADG
UNLABEL$1 #18, #133
& V]TICAL BONDS1 #46
VOLTAIC CELL NOT,N1 #79
;,W
WAVY HORIZONTAL BONDS1 #54, #138
WAVY V]TICAL BONDS1 #52, #60, #138
W1K BONDS1 #50
W$GES1 #17-18, #135-38
HORIZONTAL1 #18, #135-38
V]TICAL OR OBLIQUE1 #17, #135-37